The world in the 9th century

In the 9th century (801 to 900 CE), the timeline shows 152 states, empires and colonies and 121 peoples across 12 regions. The most significant include Republic of Venice, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire, Swahili city-states and Ghana Empire (Wagadu).

Previous: 8th century Next: 10th century

Events

• 825 Borobudur completed, Southeast Asia. The Sailendra dynasty completes Borobudur in central Java, a stepped stone mandala with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues.
• 850 Classic Maya collapse, Mesoamerica and Caribbean. Over about a century, the southern lowland Maya cities stop raising monuments and lose most of their people, amid drought, warfare and failing kingship.
• 868 Diamond Sutra printed, East Asia. A woodblock-printed copy of the Diamond Sutra, later found in the Dunhuang Library Cave, is the oldest dated printed book in the world.

Central and Southern Africa

• Western Bantu-speaking farmers c. 1000 BCE to 1400 CE
• Eastern Bantu-speaking farmers c. 1000 BCE to 1300 CE
• Swahili city-states c. 800 to 1700 CE
• Central African forest foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• San hunter-gatherers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Khoisan hunter-gatherers c. 3200 BCE to 1100 CE
• Khoekhoe herders c. 100 BCE to 1904 CE
• Bantu farmers of the Congo basin c. 500 BCE to 1500 CE
• Iron Age farmers of South Africa c. 300 to 1300 CE
• Iron Age farmers of the Zambezi c. 200 to 1000 CE
• Austronesian settlers of Madagascar c. 400 to 1100 CE
• East African hunter-gatherers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Kisalian culture c. 700 to 1300 CE

North and West Africa

• Ghana Empire (Wagadu) c. 300 to 1200 CE
• Kingdom of Aksum c. 100 to 940 CE
• Makuria c. 450 to 1312 CE
• Kanem Empire c. 700 to 1387 CE
• Amazigh (Berber) tribes c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Cushitic-speaking pastoralists c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Medjay, Blemmyes and Beja nomads c. 2300 BCE to the present
• Sahelian cereal farmers c. 1500 BCE to the present
• West African yam and oil palm farmers c. 1500 BCE to the present
• Chadic-speaking farmers c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Sao culture c. 500 BCE to 1600 CE
• Coptic Christians c. 300 CE to the present
• Saharan camel nomads (Sanhaja and Tuareg) c. 300 CE to the present
• Jenne-Jeno (Middle Niger towns) c. 250 BCE to 1400 CE
• Kingdom of Nri c. 900 to 1911 CE
• Alodia c. 500 to 1504 CE
• Kingdom of Gao c. 800 to 1430 CE
• Takrur c. 800 to 1285 CE
• Sultanate of Shewa c. 896 to 1285 CE
• Barghawata 744 to 1058 CE
• Igbo-Ukwu c. 800 to 1100 CE
• Arab caliphal Egypt 641 to 868 CE
• Midrarids of Sijilmasa 758 to 976 CE
• Idrisids 788 to 974 CE
• Rustamids 777 to 909 CE
• Aghlabids 800 to 909 CE
• Tulunids 868 to 905 CE

Europe

• Republic of Venice c. 697 to 1797 CE
• Byzantine Empire 395 to 1453 CE
• Kievan Rus 882 to 1240 CE
• Viking Age Norse 793 to 1066 CE
• Carolingian Empire 751 to 843 CE
• Gaelic Ireland c. 500 BCE to 1607 CE
• Papal States 756 to 1870 CE
• Kingdom of Scotland 843 to 1707 CE
• Kingdom of Norway c. 872 to 1397 CE
• Kingdom of Wessex c. 519 to 927 CE
• Kingdom of Mercia c. 527 to 918 CE
• First Bulgarian Empire 681 to 1018 CE
• Khazar Khaganate c. 650 to 969 CE
• Avar Khaganate c. 567 to 822 CE
• Emirate of Cordoba 756 to 929 CE
• West Francia 843 to 987 CE
• East Francia 843 to 962 CE
• Great Moravia c. 833 to 907 CE
• Sami people c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Volga Finnic peoples c. 1800 BCE to 1100 CE
• Baltic Finnic tribes c. 1500 BCE to 1250 CE
• Basques (Vascones) c. 500 BCE to the present
• Baltic tribes c. 1000 BCE to 1290 CE
• San Marino c. 301 CE to the present
• County of Flanders 862 to 1795 CE
• Kingdom of Gwynedd c. 450 to 1216 CE
• Kingdom of Powys c. 450 to 1160 CE
• Old Saxons c. 100 to 804 CE
• Kingdom of Navarre c. 824 to 1512 CE
• Kingdom and Duchy of Brittany 851 to 1532 CE
• West Slavic tribes c. 500 to 1160 CE
• Earldom of Orkney c. 875 to 1472 CE
• Kingdom of Strathclyde c. 450 to 1030 CE
• Picts c. 297 to 843 CE
• Volga Bulgaria c. 700 to 1236 CE
• Duchy and Principality of Benevento c. 571 to 1077 CE
• County of Toulouse c. 778 to 1271 CE
• East Slavic tribes c. 500 to 882 CE
• Kingdom of Kent c. 455 to 825 CE
• Kingdom of East Anglia c. 550 to 918 CE
• Dal Riata c. 500 to 850 CE
• Kingdom of Northumbria c. 604 to 954 CE
• Duchy of Bohemia c. 870 to 1198 CE
• Norse Kingdom of Dublin c. 853 to 1170 CE
• South Slavic tribes c. 550 to 850 CE
• County of Barcelona c. 878 to 1164 CE
• County of Portugal c. 868 to 1139 CE
• Emirate of Sicily 831 to 1091 CE
• Pechenegs c. 860 to 1091 CE
• Kingdom of Asturias c. 718 to 924 CE
• Middle Francia and Lotharingia 843 to 959 CE
• Principality of Hungary c. 895 to 1000 CE
• Danelaw and Kingdom of York 878 to 954 CE

Middle East

• Byzantine Empire 395 to 1453 CE
• Abbasid Caliphate 750 to 1258 CE
• Zaydi Imamate of Yemen 897 to 1918 CE
• Khazar Khaganate c. 650 to 969 CE
• Bagratid Armenia 885 to 1045 CE
• Arab Bedouin tribes c. 900 BCE to the present
• Kurdish tribes and emirates c. 640 CE to the present
• Bavandids 651 to 1349 CE
• Shirvanshahs 861 to 1538 CE
• Ibadi Imamate of Oman c. 751 to 1154 CE
• Emirate of Tbilisi 736 to 1122 CE
• Alania c. 900 to 1239 CE
• Principality of Iberia 588 to 888 CE
• Arminiya (Arab Armenia) 654 to 884 CE
• Kingdom of Abkhazia c. 778 to 1008 CE
• Tao-Klarjeti c. 813 to 1008 CE
• Qarmatians of Bahrain 899 to 1077 CE
• Saffarids 861 to 1003 CE
• Hamdanids 890 to 1004 CE
• Tahirids 821 to 873 CE

South Asia

• Chola Empire 848 to 1279 CE
• Anuradhapura Kingdom 377 BCE to 1017 CE
• Pallava dynasty c. 275 to 897 CE
• Pala Empire c. 750 to 1161 CE
• Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty c. 730 to 1036 CE
• Rashtrakuta dynasty 753 to 982 CE
• Munda-speaking peoples c. 1500 BCE to the present
• Tibeto-Burman hill peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Vedda people c. 900 BCE to the present
• Eastern Iranian peoples c. 1500 BCE to 1000 CE
• Kingdom of Mewar c. 728 to 1949 CE
• Kamarupa c. 350 to 1140 CE
• Western Ganga dynasty c. 350 to 1000 CE
• Chahamanas of Shakambhari c. 650 to 1194 CE
• Paramara dynasty c. 800 to 1305 CE
• Chandela dynasty c. 831 to 1315 CE
• Thakuri dynasty c. 750 to 1200 CE
• Eastern Chalukyas c. 624 to 1070 CE
• Pandya dynasty (first empire) c. 590 to 920 CE
• Chera Perumals of Makotai c. 800 to 1124 CE
• Arab Sindh c. 712 to 1025 CE
• Karkota dynasty c. 625 to 855 CE
• Hindu Shahis c. 822 to 1026 CE
• Turk Shahis c. 665 to 822 CE
• Utpala dynasty c. 855 to 939 CE

Central and North Asia

• Kingdom of Khotan c. 200 BCE to 1006 CE
• Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho c. 843 to 1335 CE
• Kara-Khanid Khanate c. 840 to 1212 CE
• Samanid Empire 819 to 999 CE
• Uyghur Khaganate 744 to 840 CE
• Uralic hunter-fishers of western Siberia c. 3200 BCE to 1000 CE
• Yukaghir peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Chukchi, Koryak and Itelmen peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Evenki and Even reindeer herders c. 500 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Kucha c. 100 BCE to 840 CE
• Okhotsk culture c. 500 to 1200 CE
• Afrighid dynasty c. 305 to 995 CE
• Yenisei Kyrgyz c. 550 to 1207 CE
• Punuk culture c. 800 to 1300 CE
• Kurykans c. 550 to 1000 CE
• Oghuz Yabgu State c. 750 to 1055 CE
• Kimek Khaganate c. 743 to 1035 CE
• Karluk Yabghu c. 756 to 940 CE
• Umayyad and Abbasid Transoxiana 705 to 819 CE
• Kyrgyz Khaganate c. 840 to 924 CE

East Asia

• Tang dynasty 618 to 907 CE
• Heian period 794 to 1185 CE
• Unified Silla 668 to 935 CE
• Balhae 698 to 926 CE
• Tibetan Empire 618 to 842 CE
• Nanzhao 738 to 902 CE
• Formosan Austronesian peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Qiang peoples c. 1300 BCE to the present
• Mohe c. 400 to 926 CE
• Emishi c. 600 to 1100 CE
• Satsumon culture c. 700 to 1200 CE
• Tibetan era of fragmentation 842 to 1264 CE
• Guiyi Circuit 851 to 1036 CE
• Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom c. 894 to 1028 CE
• Later Baekje and Taebong 892 to 936 CE

Southeast Asia

• Austronesian peoples c. 2200 BCE to 900 CE
• Srivijaya c. 650 to 1377 CE
• Khmer Empire 802 to 1431 CE
• Champa c. 192 to 1832 CE
• Pyu city-states c. 200 BCE to 1050 CE
• Dvaravati c. 550 to 1050 CE
• Pagan Kingdom 849 to 1297 CE
• Third Chinese domination (Sui and Tang) 602 to 938 CE
• Medang Kingdom (Mataram) c. 732 to 1016 CE
• Chenla c. 550 to 802 CE
• Sailendra dynasty c. 750 to 850 CE
• Philippine Negrito foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Orang Asli (Semang and Senoi) c. 2000 BCE to the present
• Dayak peoples of Borneo c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Langkasuka c. 100 to 1400 CE
• Kutai Martadipura c. 350 to 1605 CE
• Sunda Kingdom c. 669 to 1579 CE
• Tondo c. 900 to 1589 CE
• Barangay chiefdoms c. 900 to 1565 CE
• Haripunjaya c. 660 to 1292 CE
• Tai muang chiefdoms c. 900 to 1300 CE
• Thaton Kingdom c. 850 to 1057 CE

North America

• Mississippian culture c. 800 to 1600 CE
• Ancestral Puebloans c. 750 to 1300 CE
• Dorset culture c. 500 BCE to 1300 CE
• Pacific Northwest peoples c. 500 CE to the present
• Mogollon culture c. 200 to 1450 CE
• Hohokam c. 300 to 1450 CE
• Chaco Canyon (Chacoan system) c. 850 to 1150 CE
• Unangan (Aleut) peoples c. 2500 BCE to the present
• Dene (Northern Athabaskan) peoples c. 500 BCE to the present
• Woodland period cultures c. 1000 BCE to 1000 CE
• Chumash c. 500 CE to the present
• California peoples (Ohlone, Miwok, Pomo, Tongva) c. 500 CE to the present
• Laurel complex c. 500 BCE to 1000 CE
• Plains Woodland cultures c. 500 BCE to 900 CE
• Fremont culture c. 1 to 1300 CE
• Caddo confederacies c. 800 to 1859 CE
• Plains Village tradition c. 900 to 1500 CE
• Birnirk culture c. 600 to 1000 CE

Mesoamerica and Caribbean

• Classic Maya civilization c. 250 to 900 CE
• Chibchan chiefdoms (Costa Rica and Panama) c. 500 BCE to 1570 CE
• Zapotec state (Monte Albán) c. 500 BCE to 850 CE
• Tikal (Mutal) c. 90 to 900 CE
• Mixtec kingdoms c. 900 to 1522 CE
• Kaan kingdom (Calakmul) c. 400 to 900 CE
• Chichen Itza c. 750 to 1200 CE
• Toltec state (Tula) c. 900 to 1150 CE
• Guayabo de Turrialba c. 1000 BCE to 1400 CE
• Greater Nicoya cultures c. 500 BCE to 1522 CE
• Cholula c. 300 BCE to 1519 CE
• Gran Coclé chiefdoms c. 1 to 1520 CE
• Teuchitlán tradition c. 300 BCE to 900 CE
• Diquís culture c. 500 to 1530 CE
• Chalchihuites culture c. 200 to 1100 CE
• Lucayan Taíno c. 800 to 1520 CE
• Chichimeca peoples c. 900 to 1600 CE
• Zapotec city-states (Zaachila, Mitla) c. 850 to 1521 CE
• Trincheras tradition c. 800 to 1450 CE
• Huastec (Teenek) peoples c. 900 to 1525 CE
• El Tajín (Classic Veracruz) c. 600 to 1200 CE
• Ostionoid culture c. 600 to 1200 CE
• Caracol 331 to 859 CE
• La Quemada c. 500 to 900 CE
• Copan 426 to 822 CE
• Puuc cities (Uxmal) c. 700 to 1000 CE
• Xochicalco c. 650 to 900 CE

South America

• Tiwanaku c. 400 to 1000 CE
• Tupi-Guarani peoples c. 500 CE to the present
• Marajoara culture c. 400 to 1400 CE
• Muisca Confederation c. 800 to 1540 CE
• Chimú kingdom (Chimor) c. 900 to 1470 CE
• Wari Empire c. 600 to 1000 CE
• Fuegian canoe peoples (Yaghan, Kawésqar) c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Sambaqui shell-mound builders c. 3200 BCE to 1000 CE
• Jê peoples c. 1 CE to the present
• Patagonian peoples (Tehuelche, Selk'nam) c. 1 CE to the present
• Barrancoid culture c. 1000 BCE to 1000 CE
• Quimbaya culture c. 1 to 1550 CE
• Tairona c. 200 to 1600 CE
• Zenú culture c. 200 BCE to 1000 CE
• Cañari c. 500 to 1532 CE
• San Agustín culture c. 1 to 900 CE
• Diaguita c. 900 to 1667 CE
• Manteño-Huancavilca culture c. 800 to 1532 CE
• Sicán (Lambayeque) c. 750 to 1375 CE
• Tierradentro culture c. 600 to 900 CE
• Aguada culture c. 600 to 900 CE

Oceania

• Aboriginal Australian peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Papuan farmers and foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Ancestral Polynesian society c. 850 BCE to 1000 CE
• Tasmanian Aboriginal peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Uninhabited c. 3200 BCE to 1280 CE
• Uninhabited c. 3200 BCE to 1000 CE
• Torres Strait Islanders c. 500 BCE to the present
• Island Melanesian societies c. 500 BCE to the present
• Pre-Latte Chamorro c. 1500 BCE to 900 CE
• Fijian chiefdoms c. 500 BCE to 1874 CE
• Eastern Micronesian islanders c. 100 BCE to the present
• Latte period Chamorro c. 900 to 1668 CE