The world in the 11th century

In the 11th century (1001 to 1100 CE), the timeline shows 170 states, empires and colonies and 125 peoples across 12 regions. The most significant include Republic of Venice, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Empire, Swahili city-states and Ghana Empire (Wagadu).

Events

1025 Mahmud of Ghazni sacks Somnath, South Asia. Mahmud's army plunders the temple of Somnath on the Gujarat coast, the most famous of his seventeen raids into India.
1025 Chola fleet raids Srivijaya, South Asia. Rajendra Chola sends a navy across the Bay of Bengal to sack Kedah and other ports of Srivijaya, the most distant expedition of any Indian state.
1025 Chola raid on Srivijaya, Southeast Asia. Rajendra I's fleet from south India sacks Palembang, Kedah and other Srivijayan ports, breaking Srivijaya's hold on the straits.
1044 Gunpowder formula recorded, East Asia. The Song military manual Wujing Zongyao gives the first written recipes for gunpowder, used in fire arrows and bombs.
1050 Banu Hilal migration, North and West Africa. Arab Bedouin tribes sent west by the Fatimids sweep into Ifriqiya, sacking Kairouan in 1057 and speeding the spread of Arabic in the Maghreb.
1050 Cahokia grows into a city, North America. Within a generation Cahokia expands from a village into a planned city with a Grand Plaza and Monks Mound, the largest earthwork in the Americas.
1054 East-West Schism, Europe. Papal legates and the Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicate each other, splitting the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
1066 Norman conquest of England, Europe. William of Normandy defeats Harold II at Hastings and is crowned king of England on Christmas Day.
1071 Battle of Manzikert, Middle East. Seljuk sultan Alp Arslan defeats and captures Emperor Romanos IV. Turkmen tribes pour into Anatolia, which slowly becomes Turkish.
1095 First Crusade proclaimed, Europe. At Clermont, Pope Urban II calls on western knights to aid Byzantium and take Jerusalem, which the crusaders capture in 1099.
1099 Crusaders take Jerusalem, Middle East. The First Crusade storms Jerusalem and massacres much of its population, founding the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Central and Southern Africa

Western Bantu-speaking farmers c. 1000 BCE to 1400 CE
Eastern Bantu-speaking farmers c. 1000 BCE to 1300 CE
Swahili city-states c. 800 to 1700 CE
Central African forest foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
San hunter-gatherers c. 3200 BCE to the present
Khoisan hunter-gatherers c. 3200 BCE to 1100 CE
Khoekhoe herders c. 100 BCE to 1904 CE
Bantu farmers of the Congo basin c. 500 BCE to 1500 CE
Iron Age farmers of South Africa c. 300 to 1300 CE
Austronesian settlers of Madagascar c. 400 to 1100 CE
Kilwa Sultanate c. 957 to 1513 CE
Kingdom of Mapungubwe c. 1075 to 1220 CE
East African hunter-gatherers c. 3200 BCE to the present
Kisalian culture c. 700 to 1300 CE
Malagasy chiefdoms and trading towns c. 1000 to 1600 CE
Ntusi and Bigo culture c. 1000 to 1500 CE

North and West Africa

Ghana Empire (Wagadu) c. 300 to 1200 CE
Fatimid Caliphate 909 to 1171 CE
Almoravid dynasty 1040 to 1147 CE
Makuria c. 450 to 1312 CE
Kanem Empire c. 700 to 1387 CE
Ife c. 1000 to 1420 CE
Amazigh (Berber) tribes c. 3200 BCE to the present
Cushitic-speaking pastoralists c. 3200 BCE to the present
Medjay, Blemmyes and Beja nomads c. 2300 BCE to the present
Sahelian cereal farmers c. 1500 BCE to the present
West African yam and oil palm farmers c. 1500 BCE to the present
Chadic-speaking farmers c. 1000 BCE to the present
Sao culture c. 500 BCE to 1600 CE
Coptic Christians c. 300 CE to the present
Saharan camel nomads (Sanhaja and Tuareg) c. 300 CE to the present
Jenne-Jeno (Middle Niger towns) c. 250 BCE to 1400 CE
Kingdom of Nri c. 900 to 1911 CE
Alodia c. 500 to 1504 CE
Hausa city-states c. 1000 to 1808 CE
Kingdom of Gao c. 800 to 1430 CE
Takrur c. 800 to 1285 CE
Sultanate of Shewa c. 896 to 1285 CE
Barghawata 744 to 1058 CE
Igbo-Ukwu c. 800 to 1100 CE
Zirids 972 to 1148 CE
Hammadids 1014 to 1152 CE

Europe

Republic of Venice c. 697 to 1797 CE
Byzantine Empire 395 to 1453 CE
Holy Roman Empire 962 to 1806 CE
Kievan Rus 882 to 1240 CE
Viking Age Norse 793 to 1066 CE
Gaelic Ireland c. 500 BCE to 1607 CE
Papal States 756 to 1870 CE
Kingdom of Scotland 843 to 1707 CE
Republic of Genoa c. 1005 to 1797 CE
Kingdom of Hungary 1000 to 1526 CE
Kingdom of Norway c. 872 to 1397 CE
Kingdom of Denmark c. 936 to 1397 CE
Kingdom of Sweden c. 970 to 1397 CE
Kingdom of England (Norman and Plantagenet) 1066 to 1485 CE
Kingdom of Poland (Piast) 1025 to 1370 CE
Kingdom of France (Capetian) 987 to 1328 CE
First Bulgarian Empire 681 to 1018 CE
Kingdom of Castile c. 931 to 1230 CE
Kingdom of England (Anglo-Saxon) 927 to 1066 CE
Caliphate of Cordoba 929 to 1031 CE
North Sea Empire 1016 to 1035 CE
Sami people c. 1000 BCE to the present
Volga Finnic peoples c. 1800 BCE to 1100 CE
Baltic Finnic tribes c. 1500 BCE to 1250 CE
Basques (Vascones) c. 500 BCE to the present
Baltic tribes c. 1000 BCE to 1290 CE
San Marino c. 301 CE to the present
County of Flanders 862 to 1795 CE
Kingdom of Gwynedd c. 450 to 1216 CE
County and Duchy of Savoy c. 1003 to 1720 CE
Kingdom of Powys c. 450 to 1160 CE
Kingdom of Navarre c. 824 to 1512 CE
Kingdom and Duchy of Brittany 851 to 1532 CE
West Slavic tribes c. 500 to 1160 CE
Earldom of Orkney c. 875 to 1472 CE
Kingdom of Strathclyde c. 450 to 1030 CE
Volga Bulgaria c. 700 to 1236 CE
Duchy and Principality of Benevento c. 571 to 1077 CE
County of Toulouse c. 778 to 1271 CE
Republic of Pisa c. 1000 to 1406 CE
Icelandic Commonwealth 930 to 1262 CE
Duchy of Bohemia c. 870 to 1198 CE
Kingdom of Leon 910 to 1230 CE
Norse Kingdom of Dublin c. 853 to 1170 CE
Duchy of Normandy 911 to 1204 CE
County of Barcelona c. 878 to 1164 CE
County of Portugal c. 868 to 1139 CE
Emirate of Sicily 831 to 1091 CE
Pechenegs c. 860 to 1091 CE
Cumans (Kipchaks) c. 1060 to 1237 CE
Kingdom of Croatia c. 925 to 1102 CE
Catepanate of Italy 970 to 1071 CE
Taifa kingdoms c. 1009 to 1091 CE
Duchy of Poland c. 960 to 1025 CE
Almoravid al-Andalus 1086 to 1147 CE

Middle East

Byzantine Empire 395 to 1453 CE
Abbasid Caliphate 750 to 1258 CE
Great Seljuk Empire 1037 to 1194 CE
Zaydi Imamate of Yemen 897 to 1918 CE
Kingdom of Georgia 1008 to 1490 CE
Sultanate of Rum 1077 to 1308 CE
Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1291 CE
Bagratid Armenia 885 to 1045 CE
Khwarazmian Empire 1077 to 1231 CE
Buyids 934 to 1062 CE
Arab Bedouin tribes c. 900 BCE to the present
Kurdish tribes and emirates c. 640 CE to the present
Sharifate of Mecca 967 to 1925 CE
Bavandids 651 to 1349 CE
Shirvanshahs 861 to 1538 CE
Oghuz Turkmen nomads c. 1040 to 1600 CE
Kingdom of Hormuz c. 1100 to 1622 CE
Ibadi Imamate of Oman c. 751 to 1154 CE
Emirate of Tbilisi 736 to 1122 CE
Alania c. 900 to 1239 CE
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 1080 to 1375 CE
Shaddadids 951 to 1199 CE
Kingdom of Abkhazia c. 778 to 1008 CE
Tao-Klarjeti c. 813 to 1008 CE
Qarmatians of Bahrain 899 to 1077 CE
Principality of Antioch 1098 to 1268 CE
Nizari Ismaili state 1090 to 1256 CE
Ziyarids 931 to 1090 CE
Saffarids 861 to 1003 CE
Fatimid Syria and Palestine 970 to 1099 CE
Hamdanids 890 to 1004 CE
Kingdom of Vaspurakan 908 to 1021 CE
Danishmendids c. 1071 to 1178 CE
Uqaylids 990 to 1096 CE
Marwanids 990 to 1085 CE
Sulayhids 1047 to 1138 CE
County of Edessa 1098 to 1144 CE

South Asia

Chola Empire 848 to 1279 CE
Anuradhapura Kingdom 377 BCE to 1017 CE
Pala Empire c. 750 to 1161 CE
Hoysala Empire c. 1026 to 1343 CE
Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty c. 730 to 1036 CE
Western Chalukyas 973 to 1189 CE
Ghaznavid Empire 977 to 1186 CE
Munda-speaking peoples c. 1500 BCE to the present
Tibeto-Burman hill peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
Vedda people c. 900 BCE to the present
Kingdom of Mewar c. 728 to 1949 CE
Pashtun tribes c. 1000 CE to the present
Kamarupa c. 350 to 1140 CE
Chahamanas of Shakambhari c. 650 to 1194 CE
Paramara dynasty c. 800 to 1305 CE
Chandela dynasty c. 831 to 1315 CE
Thakuri dynasty c. 750 to 1200 CE
Eastern Chalukyas c. 624 to 1070 CE
Eastern Ganga dynasty c. 1078 to 1434 CE
Soomra dynasty c. 1026 to 1351 CE
Chera Perumals of Makotai c. 800 to 1124 CE
Lohara dynasty c. 1003 to 1320 CE
Arab Sindh c. 712 to 1025 CE
Chaulukya dynasty c. 940 to 1244 CE
Hindu Shahis c. 822 to 1026 CE
Kingdom of Polonnaruwa 1070 to 1232 CE
Sena dynasty c. 1070 to 1230 CE
Gahadavala dynasty c. 1089 to 1194 CE

Central and North Asia

Kingdom of Khotan c. 200 BCE to 1006 CE
Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho c. 843 to 1335 CE
Kara-Khanid Khanate c. 840 to 1212 CE
Liao dynasty 916 to 1125 CE
Cuman-Kipchak confederation c. 1050 to 1241 CE
Khwarazmian Empire 1077 to 1231 CE
Seljuk Empire (Khorasan) 1037 to 1157 CE
Yukaghir peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
Chukchi, Koryak and Itelmen peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
Evenki and Even reindeer herders c. 500 CE to the present
Khanty, Mansi and Samoyedic peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
Turkmen tribes c. 1100 to 1881 CE
Okhotsk culture c. 500 to 1200 CE
Yenisei Kyrgyz c. 550 to 1207 CE
Punuk culture c. 800 to 1300 CE
Oghuz Yabgu State c. 750 to 1055 CE
Kimek Khaganate c. 743 to 1035 CE
Kereit, Naiman, Tatar and Merkit tribes c. 1000 to 1206 CE

East Asia

Northern Song 960 to 1127 CE
Goryeo 918 to 1392 CE
Heian period 794 to 1185 CE
Liao dynasty 916 to 1125 CE
Western Xia 1038 to 1227 CE
Formosan Austronesian peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
Qiang peoples c. 1300 BCE to the present
Jurchen tribes c. 926 to 1616 CE
Guge kingdom c. 967 to 1630 CE
Emishi c. 600 to 1100 CE
Satsumon culture c. 700 to 1200 CE
Tibetan era of fragmentation 842 to 1264 CE
Dali Kingdom 937 to 1253 CE
Guiyi Circuit 851 to 1036 CE
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom c. 894 to 1028 CE

Southeast Asia

Srivijaya c. 650 to 1377 CE
Khmer Empire 802 to 1431 CE
Champa c. 192 to 1832 CE
Pyu city-states c. 200 BCE to 1050 CE
Dvaravati c. 550 to 1050 CE
Pagan Kingdom 849 to 1297 CE
Medang Kingdom (Mataram) c. 732 to 1016 CE
Ly dynasty 1009 to 1225 CE
Kediri Kingdom 1042 to 1222 CE
Philippine Negrito foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
Orang Asli (Semang and Senoi) c. 2000 BCE to the present
Dayak peoples of Borneo c. 1000 BCE to the present
Langkasuka c. 100 to 1400 CE
Kutai Martadipura c. 350 to 1605 CE
Sunda Kingdom c. 669 to 1579 CE
Tondo c. 900 to 1589 CE
Barangay chiefdoms c. 900 to 1565 CE
Haripunjaya c. 660 to 1292 CE
Tai muang chiefdoms c. 900 to 1300 CE
Thaton Kingdom c. 850 to 1057 CE
Early Le dynasty 980 to 1009 CE

North America

Mississippian culture c. 800 to 1600 CE
Thule culture c. 1000 to 1600 CE
Ancestral Puebloans c. 750 to 1300 CE
Dorset culture c. 500 BCE to 1300 CE
Pacific Northwest peoples c. 500 CE to the present
Mogollon culture c. 200 to 1450 CE
Hohokam c. 300 to 1450 CE
Norse Greenland c. 985 to 1450 CE
Cahokia c. 1050 to 1350 CE
Chaco Canyon (Chacoan system) c. 850 to 1150 CE
Vinland (L'Anse aux Meadows) c. 1000 to 1020 CE
Unangan (Aleut) peoples c. 2500 BCE to the present
Dene (Northern Athabaskan) peoples c. 500 BCE to the present
Chumash c. 500 CE to the present
California peoples (Ohlone, Miwok, Pomo, Tongva) c. 500 CE to the present
Fremont culture c. 1 to 1300 CE
Caddo confederacies c. 800 to 1859 CE
Cree peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
Numic peoples (Shoshone, Paiute, Ute) c. 1000 CE to the present
Beothuk c. 1000 to 1829 CE
Fort Ancient culture c. 1000 to 1750 CE
Oneota culture c. 1000 to 1650 CE
Plains Village tradition c. 900 to 1500 CE
Mimbres c. 1000 to 1130 CE

Mesoamerica and Caribbean

Chibchan chiefdoms (Costa Rica and Panama) c. 500 BCE to 1570 CE
Mixtec kingdoms c. 900 to 1522 CE
Chichen Itza c. 750 to 1200 CE
Toltec state (Tula) c. 900 to 1150 CE
Guayabo de Turrialba c. 1000 BCE to 1400 CE
Greater Nicoya cultures c. 500 BCE to 1522 CE
Cholula c. 300 BCE to 1519 CE
Gran Coclé chiefdoms c. 1 to 1520 CE
Diquís culture c. 500 to 1530 CE
Yaqui, Mayo and Raramuri peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
Chalchihuites culture c. 200 to 1100 CE
Lucayan Taíno c. 800 to 1520 CE
Chichimeca peoples c. 900 to 1600 CE
Zapotec city-states (Zaachila, Mitla) c. 850 to 1521 CE
Trincheras tradition c. 800 to 1450 CE
Huastec (Teenek) peoples c. 900 to 1525 CE
El Tajín (Classic Veracruz) c. 600 to 1200 CE
Ostionoid culture c. 600 to 1200 CE

South America

Tupi-Guarani peoples c. 500 CE to the present
Mapuche c. 1000 CE to the present
Marajoara culture c. 400 to 1400 CE
Muisca Confederation c. 800 to 1540 CE
Chimú kingdom (Chimor) c. 900 to 1470 CE
Fuegian canoe peoples (Yaghan, Kawésqar) c. 3200 BCE to the present
Jê peoples c. 1 CE to the present
Patagonian peoples (Tehuelche, Selk'nam) c. 1 CE to the present
Quimbaya culture c. 1 to 1550 CE
Tairona c. 200 to 1600 CE
Cañari c. 500 to 1532 CE
Arawakan peoples of the Amazon c. 1000 CE to the present
Carib peoples of the Guianas c. 1000 CE to the present
Guaraní c. 1000 CE to the present
Charrúa c. 1000 to 1831 CE
Diaguita c. 900 to 1667 CE
Manteño-Huancavilca culture c. 800 to 1532 CE
Santarém culture (Tapajó) c. 1000 to 1650 CE
Sicán (Lambayeque) c. 750 to 1375 CE
Chincha kingdom c. 1000 to 1476 CE
Chancay culture c. 1000 to 1470 CE
Aymara kingdoms (Colla, Lupaca) c. 1100 to 1450 CE
Chanka confederation c. 1100 to 1438 CE

Oceania

Aboriginal Australian peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
Papuan farmers and foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
Tu'i Tonga Empire c. 950 to 1865 CE
Saudeleur dynasty c. 1100 to 1628 CE
Tasmanian Aboriginal peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
Uninhabited c. 3200 BCE to 1280 CE
Torres Strait Islanders c. 500 BCE to the present
Island Melanesian societies c. 500 BCE to the present
Fijian chiefdoms c. 500 BCE to 1874 CE
Eastern Micronesian islanders c. 100 BCE to the present
Samoan chiefdoms c. 1000 to 1900 CE
Hawaiian chiefdoms c. 1000 to 1795 CE
Society Islands chiefdoms c. 1000 to 1788 CE
Latte period Chamorro c. 900 to 1668 CE