The world in the 17th century

In the 17th century (1601 to 1700 CE), the timeline shows 258 states, empires and colonies and 101 peoples across 12 regions. The most significant include Republic of Venice, Swahili city-states, Holy Roman Empire, Ethiopian Empire (Solomonic dynasty) and Ottoman Empire.

Events

1606 Duyfken lands in Australia, Oceania. Willem Janszoon's Dutch ship Duyfken charts part of Cape York, the first recorded European landing on Australia.
1607 Jamestown founded, North America. The Virginia Company plants the first permanent English settlement in America inside Powhatan territory. Tobacco soon makes the colony profitable.
1608 Champlain founds Quebec, North America. Samuel de Champlain builds a trading post at Quebec, the seat of New France for the next 150 years.
1619 Batavia founded, Southeast Asia. Jan Pieterszoon Coen destroys Jayakarta and builds Batavia, the headquarters of the Dutch East India Company in Asia.
1632 Taj Mahal begun, South Asia. Shah Jahan starts building a white marble tomb at Agra for his wife Mumtaz Mahal, finished about twenty years later.
1642 Tasman reaches New Zealand, Oceania. Abel Tasman sights Tasmania and New Zealand, where a clash with Māori at Golden Bay kills four of his crew.
1644 Fall of Beijing, East Asia. Li Zicheng's rebels take Beijing and the last Ming emperor hangs himself. The general Wu Sangui lets the Manchus through the Great Wall and they seize the capital.
1648 Peace of Westphalia, Europe. Treaties at Munster and Osnabruck end the Thirty Years' War, recognise Dutch and Swiss independence and weaken the emperor.
1652 Founding of Cape Town, Central and Southern Africa. Jan van Riebeeck lands at Table Bay to build a supply station for Dutch East India Company ships, the start of European settlement in South Africa.
1665 Battle of Mbwila, Central and Southern Africa. Portuguese forces from Luanda defeat Kongo and kill King António I, setting off decades of civil war that split the kingdom.
1680 Pueblo Revolt, North America. Led by Popé of Ohkay Owingeh, the Pueblos kill about 400 colonists and drive the Spanish out of New Mexico for twelve years.
1683 Siege of Vienna, Europe. A Polish, Austrian and German army under Jan Sobieski routs the Ottoman army besieging Vienna, beginning the Ottoman retreat from Hungary.
1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk, Central and North Asia. Russia and Qing China sign their first treaty, fixing the border north of the Amur. Jesuit priests interpret the negotiations in Latin.
1694 Fall of Palmares, South America. A colonial army led by bandeirante Domingos Jorge Velho destroys Macaco, capital of the largest runaway slave kingdom in Brazil.
1697 Fall of Nojpetén, Mesoamerica and Caribbean. Spanish forces storm the island capital of the Itza, the last independent Maya kingdom.
1698 Omanis take Fort Jesus, Central and Southern Africa. After a siege of almost three years, Omani forces capture Fort Jesus at Mombasa and end Portuguese power on the Swahili coast north of Mozambique.
1700 Peak of the Atlantic slave trade, North and West Africa. In the 18th century over six million Africans are shipped from the West African coast to the Americas, much of the trade passing through Dahomey, Oyo and the Gold Coast forts.

Central and Southern Africa

Swahili city-states c. 800 to 1700 CE
Kingdom of Kongo c. 1390 to 1914 CE
Central African forest foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
San hunter-gatherers c. 3200 BCE to the present
Khoekhoe herders c. 100 BCE to 1904 CE
Kingdom of Buganda c. 1300 to 1966 CE
Bunyoro-Kitara c. 1400 to 1899 CE
Portuguese Mozambique 1505 to 1975 CE
Portuguese Angola 1575 to 1975 CE
Mutapa Empire c. 1430 to 1760 CE
Luba Empire c. 1585 to 1889 CE
Kingdom of Imerina c. 1540 to 1817 CE
Kingdom of Butua c. 1450 to 1683 CE
Lunda Empire c. 1665 to 1887 CE
Kingdom of Matamba c. 1530 to 1744 CE
Rozvi Empire c. 1660 to 1866 CE
Kingdom of Ndongo c. 1500 to 1671 CE
Omani East Africa 1698 to 1856 CE
Dutch Cape Colony 1652 to 1806 CE
East African hunter-gatherers c. 3200 BCE to the present
Sotho-Tswana chiefdoms c. 1300 to 1830 CE
Nguni chiefdoms c. 1300 to 1820 CE
Kingdom of Nkore (Ankole) c. 1450 to 1967 CE
Kingdom of Rwanda c. 1500 to 1961 CE
Kingdom of Karagwe c. 1450 to 1890 CE
Maasai pastoralists c. 1600 CE to the present
Comorian sultanates c. 1500 to 1912 CE
Tio Kingdom (Anziku) c. 1500 to 1880 CE
Kingdom of Loango c. 1550 to 1883 CE
Xhosa chiefdoms c. 1550 to 1879 CE
Ovambo kingdoms c. 1600 to 1917 CE
Herero pastoralists c. 1600 to 1904 CE
Ovimbundu kingdoms c. 1600 to 1902 CE
Kingdom of Kasanje c. 1620 to 1910 CE
Kingdom of Burundi c. 1680 to 1966 CE
Kuba Kingdom c. 1625 to 1900 CE
Maravi Confederacy c. 1480 to 1750 CE
Lozi Kingdom (Barotseland) c. 1700 to 1964 CE
Pedi Kingdom c. 1650 to 1879 CE
Portuguese Swahili coast 1505 to 1698 CE
Sakalava kingdoms c. 1650 to 1840 CE

North and West Africa

Ethiopian Empire (Solomonic dynasty) 1270 to 1974 CE
Mali Empire c. 1235 to 1670 CE
Kingdom of Benin c. 1180 to 1897 CE
Bornu Empire c. 1387 to 1893 CE
Oyo Empire c. 1400 to 1836 CE
Funj Sultanate of Sennar 1504 to 1821 CE
Regency of Algiers 1516 to 1830 CE
Alaouite Sultanate of Morocco 1666 to 1912 CE
Saadi Sultanate 1510 to 1659 CE
Amazigh (Berber) tribes c. 3200 BCE to the present
Cushitic-speaking pastoralists c. 3200 BCE to the present
Medjay, Blemmyes and Beja nomads c. 2300 BCE to the present
Sahelian cereal farmers c. 1500 BCE to the present
West African yam and oil palm farmers c. 1500 BCE to the present
Chadic-speaking farmers c. 1000 BCE to the present
Coptic Christians c. 300 CE to the present
Saharan camel nomads (Sanhaja and Tuareg) c. 300 CE to the present
Kingdom of Nri c. 900 to 1911 CE
Hausa city-states c. 1000 to 1808 CE
Arab tribes of Sudan c. 1300 CE to the present
Portuguese Cape Verde 1462 to 1975 CE
Oromo Gadaa confederations c. 1522 CE to the present
Sultanate of Agadez c. 1449 to 1906 CE
Mossi kingdoms c. 1450 to 1896 CE
Ajuran Sultanate c. 1300 to 1700 CE
Sultanate of Bagirmi 1522 to 1897 CE
Shilluk Kingdom c. 1490 to 1861 CE
Ottoman Tripolitania 1551 to 1911 CE
Ottoman Egypt 1517 to 1867 CE
Kaabu 1537 to 1867 CE
Kingdom of Cayor 1549 to 1879 CE
Sultanate of Darfur c. 1603 to 1916 CE
Dendi Kingdom 1591 to 1901 CE
Regency of Tunis 1574 to 1881 CE
Kingdom of Dahomey c. 1600 to 1904 CE
French Senegal 1659 to 1960 CE
Kwararafa (Jukun) c. 1500 to 1800 CE
Wadai Sultanate 1635 to 1912 CE
Dutch Gold Coast 1612 to 1872 CE
Pashalik of Timbuktu 1591 to 1833 CE
Emirate of Harar 1647 to 1887 CE
Geledi Sultanate c. 1700 to 1910 CE
Portuguese Gold Coast (Elmina) 1482 to 1642 CE
Imamate of Aussa 1577 to 1672 CE
Denkyira c. 1620 to 1701 CE

Europe

Republic of Venice c. 697 to 1797 CE
Holy Roman Empire 962 to 1806 CE
Ottoman Empire 1299 to 1922 CE
Portuguese Empire 1415 to 1999 CE
Habsburg Monarchy 1526 to 1804 CE
Dutch Republic 1581 to 1795 CE
Kingdom of France (Bourbon) 1589 to 1792 CE
Spanish Empire (Habsburg Spain) 1516 to 1700 CE
Gaelic Ireland c. 500 BCE to 1607 CE
Papal States 756 to 1870 CE
Kingdom of Scotland 843 to 1707 CE
Republic of Genoa c. 1005 to 1797 CE
Kingdom of Portugal 1139 to 1910 CE
Kingdom of Bohemia 1198 to 1918 CE
Grand Duchy of Lithuania c. 1236 to 1795 CE
Kingdom of Naples 1282 to 1816 CE
Crimean Khanate 1441 to 1783 CE
Hanseatic League c. 1356 to 1669 CE
Denmark-Norway 1523 to 1814 CE
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569 to 1795 CE
Tsardom of Russia 1547 to 1721 CE
Tudor England 1485 to 1603 CE
Swedish Empire 1611 to 1721 CE
Bourbon Spain 1700 to 1808 CE
Kingdom of England (Stuart) 1603 to 1707 CE
Sami people c. 1000 BCE to the present
Basques (Vascones) c. 500 BCE to the present
San Marino c. 301 CE to the present
County of Flanders 862 to 1795 CE
Andorra 1278 CE to the present
Bavaria (Wittelsbach) 1180 to 1918 CE
Monaco 1297 CE to the present
County and Duchy of Savoy c. 1003 to 1720 CE
Kingdom of Sicily (island) 1282 to 1816 CE
Wallachia 1330 to 1859 CE
Moldavia c. 1346 to 1859 CE
Old Swiss Confederacy 1291 to 1798 CE
Margraviate of Brandenburg 1157 to 1618 CE
Venetian Crete 1211 to 1669 CE
Republic of Ragusa 1358 to 1808 CE
Montenegro (Prince-Bishopric to Kingdom) 1516 to 1918 CE
Duchy of Milan 1395 to 1796 CE
Duchy and Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1532 to 1859 CE
Order of Saint John in Malta 1530 to 1798 CE
Kingdom of Ireland 1542 to 1800 CE
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 1561 to 1795 CE
Zaporozhian Sich c. 1552 to 1775 CE
Kalmyk Khanate c. 1630 to 1771 CE
Principality of Transylvania 1570 to 1711 CE
Spanish Netherlands 1581 to 1714 CE
Cossack Hetmanate 1648 to 1764 CE
Duchy of Prussia 1525 to 1618 CE
Kingdom of Sweden (Vasa) 1523 to 1611 CE
Brandenburg-Prussia 1618 to 1701 CE
Iberian Union 1580 to 1640 CE
Commonwealth of England 1649 to 1660 CE

Middle East

Ottoman Empire 1299 to 1922 CE
Safavid Empire 1501 to 1736 CE
Zaydi Imamate of Yemen 897 to 1918 CE
Ottoman Syria and Palestine 1516 to 1918 CE
Ottoman Iraq 1534 to 1918 CE
Arab Bedouin tribes c. 900 BCE to the present
Kurdish tribes and emirates c. 640 CE to the present
Sharifate of Mecca 967 to 1925 CE
Kingdom of Imereti 1260 to 1810 CE
Kingdom of Hormuz c. 1100 to 1622 CE
Nabhani dynasty c. 1154 to 1624 CE
Ottoman Hejaz and Yemen 1517 to 1918 CE
Emirate of Mount Lebanon c. 1516 to 1842 CE
Kingdom of Kakheti 1465 to 1762 CE
Kingdom of Kartli 1484 to 1762 CE
Portuguese Muscat and Gulf forts 1507 to 1650 CE
Ya'aruba dynasty 1624 to 1744 CE

South Asia

Mughal Empire 1526 to 1857 CE
Ahom Kingdom 1228 to 1826 CE
Kingdom of Mysore c. 1399 to 1950 CE
Kingdom of Kandy 1469 to 1815 CE
Vijayanagara Empire 1336 to 1646 CE
Maratha Confederacy 1674 to 1818 CE
Munda-speaking peoples c. 1500 BCE to the present
Tibeto-Burman hill peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
Vedda people c. 900 BCE to the present
Kingdom of Mewar c. 728 to 1949 CE
Pashtun tribes c. 1000 CE to the present
Kingdom of Manipur c. 1110 to 1949 CE
Kingdom of Marwar c. 1226 to 1949 CE
Zamorins of Calicut c. 1124 to 1766 CE
Dimasa Kachari Kingdom c. 1250 to 1832 CE
Malla dynasty of Nepal 1201 to 1769 CE
Twipra Kingdom c. 1400 to 1949 CE
Portuguese Goa 1510 to 1961 CE
Jaffna Kingdom c. 1215 to 1619 CE
Kingdom of Sikkim 1642 to 1975 CE
Bhutan under the Zhabdrung 1616 to 1907 CE
French India 1674 to 1954 CE
Madurai Nayaks 1529 to 1736 CE
Bijapur Sultanate 1490 to 1686 CE
Golconda Sultanate 1518 to 1687 CE
Dutch Ceylon 1640 to 1796 CE
Portuguese Ceylon 1505 to 1658 CE
Ahmadnagar Sultanate 1490 to 1636 CE

Central and North Asia

Kazakh Khanate 1465 to 1847 CE
Russian Siberia 1582 to 1917 CE
Khanate of Bukhara 1500 to 1785 CE
Northern Yuan 1368 to 1635 CE
Qing rule in Mongolia 1691 to 1911 CE
Dzungar Khanate 1634 to 1758 CE
Yukaghir peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
Chukchi, Koryak and Itelmen peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
Evenki and Even reindeer herders c. 500 CE to the present
Khanty, Mansi and Samoyedic peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
Buryats c. 1200 CE to the present
Turkmen tribes c. 1100 to 1881 CE
Sakha (Yakuts) c. 1250 CE to the present
Khanate of Khiva 1511 to 1920 CE
Russian Far East and Yakutia 1632 to 1917 CE
Four Oirat 1399 to 1634 CE
Yarkent Khanate 1514 to 1705 CE

East Asia

Ming dynasty 1368 to 1644 CE
Qing dynasty 1636 to 1912 CE
Joseon 1392 to 1897 CE
Ganden Phodrang (Dalai Lama government) 1642 to 1951 CE
Edo period (Tokugawa shogunate) 1603 to 1868 CE
Later Jin 1616 to 1636 CE
Formosan Austronesian peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
Qiang peoples c. 1300 BCE to the present
Ainu c. 1200 CE to the present
Jurchen tribes c. 926 to 1616 CE
Guge kingdom c. 967 to 1630 CE
Ryukyu Kingdom 1429 to 1879 CE
Portuguese Macau 1557 to 1999 CE
Phagmodrupa dynasty 1354 to 1618 CE
Manchuria under the Qing 1644 to 1907 CE
Tsangpa dynasty 1565 to 1642 CE
Khoshut Khanate 1642 to 1717 CE
Dutch Formosa 1624 to 1662 CE
Kingdom of Tungning 1661 to 1683 CE
Southern Ming 1644 to 1662 CE

Southeast Asia

Ayutthaya Kingdom 1351 to 1767 CE
Champa c. 192 to 1832 CE
Bruneian Sultanate c. 1368 to 1888 CE
Sultanate of Sulu c. 1405 to 1915 CE
Lan Na 1292 to 1775 CE
Aceh Sultanate 1496 to 1903 CE
Later Le dynasty 1428 to 1789 CE
Lan Xang 1353 to 1707 CE
Spanish Philippines 1565 to 1898 CE
Johor Sultanate 1528 to 1824 CE
Dutch East India Company (VOC) 1605 to 1799 CE
Mataram Sultanate c. 1586 to 1755 CE
Restored Toungoo dynasty 1599 to 1752 CE
Philippine Negrito foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
Orang Asli (Semang and Senoi) c. 2000 BCE to the present
Dayak peoples of Borneo c. 1000 BCE to the present
Kutai Martadipura c. 350 to 1605 CE
Shan States c. 1250 to 1959 CE
Balinese kingdoms 1343 to 1908 CE
Pagaruyung Kingdom 1347 to 1833 CE
Ternate and Tidore sultanates c. 1450 to 1914 CE
Pattani Sultanate c. 1457 to 1902 CE
Post-Angkor Cambodia 1431 to 1863 CE
Sultanate of Maguindanao c. 1520 to 1905 CE
Gowa Sultanate (Makassar) c. 1300 to 1669 CE
Mrauk U Kingdom (Arakan) 1429 to 1785 CE
Banten Sultanate 1527 to 1813 CE
Trinh lords 1545 to 1787 CE
Nguyen lords 1558 to 1777 CE
Dutch Malacca 1641 to 1824 CE
Portuguese Malacca 1511 to 1641 CE

North America

New France 1534 to 1763 CE
Thirteen Colonies 1607 to 1776 CE
Pacific Northwest peoples c. 500 CE to the present
Pueblo peoples (Hopi, Zuni, Rio Grande) c. 1300 CE to the present
Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) c. 1450 CE to the present
Navajo (Diné) c. 1500 CE to the present
Inuit peoples c. 1600 CE to the present
Lakota (Teton Sioux) c. 1700 CE to the present
Rupert's Land (Hudson's Bay Company) 1670 to 1870 CE
French Louisiana 1682 to 1762 CE
Unangan (Aleut) peoples c. 2500 BCE to the present
Dene (Northern Athabaskan) peoples c. 500 BCE to the present
Chumash c. 500 CE to the present
California peoples (Ohlone, Miwok, Pomo, Tongva) c. 500 CE to the present
Caddo confederacies c. 800 to 1859 CE
Cree peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
Numic peoples (Shoshone, Paiute, Ute) c. 1000 CE to the present
Beothuk c. 1000 to 1829 CE
Fort Ancient culture c. 1000 to 1750 CE
Oneota culture c. 1000 to 1650 CE
Apache peoples c. 1400 CE to the present
Wichita peoples (Quivira) c. 1450 CE to the present
O'odham peoples c. 1450 CE to the present
Mandan and Hidatsa villages c. 1300 to 1837 CE
Natchez c. 1200 to 1731 CE
Blackfoot Confederacy c. 1600 CE to the present
Cherokee c. 1500 to 1794 CE
Spanish Florida 1565 to 1821 CE
Huron-Wendat Confederacy c. 1400 to 1650 CE
Santa Fe de Nuevo México 1598 to 1821 CE
Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy c. 1650 to 1836 CE
Spanish Texas 1690 to 1821 CE
Acadia 1604 to 1713 CE
Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom c. 1570 to 1646 CE
New Netherland 1614 to 1664 CE
New Sweden 1638 to 1655 CE

Mesoamerica and Caribbean

New Spain 1521 to 1821 CE
Spanish Cuba 1511 to 1898 CE
British West Indies 1624 to 1983 CE
Captaincy General of Santo Domingo 1493 to 1821 CE
Colony of Jamaica 1655 to 1962 CE
Captaincy General of Guatemala 1543 to 1821 CE
Saint-Domingue 1697 to 1804 CE
Yaqui, Mayo and Raramuri peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
Island Caribs (Kalinago) c. 1200 CE to the present
Zapotec, Mixtec and Mixe peoples c. 1521 CE to the present
Maya peoples (colonial and modern) c. 1524 CE to the present
Dutch Caribbean 1634 CE to the present
Spanish Puerto Rico 1508 to 1898 CE
Spanish Panama (Castilla de Oro) 1510 to 1821 CE
French Antilles 1635 to 1946 CE
Nueva Vizcaya 1562 to 1821 CE
Mosquito Kingdom c. 1638 to 1894 CE
Itza kingdom (Nojpetén) c. 1450 to 1697 CE
Danish West Indies 1672 to 1917 CE
Baymen settlement of Belize c. 1650 to 1862 CE
Spanish Jamaica 1509 to 1655 CE

South America

Portuguese Brazil 1500 to 1815 CE
Viceroyalty of Peru 1542 to 1824 CE
Tupi-Guarani peoples c. 500 CE to the present
Mapuche c. 1000 CE to the present
Fuegian canoe peoples (Yaghan, Kawésqar) c. 3200 BCE to the present
Jê peoples c. 1 CE to the present
Patagonian peoples (Tehuelche, Selk'nam) c. 1 CE to the present
Arawakan peoples of the Amazon c. 1000 CE to the present
Carib peoples of the Guianas c. 1000 CE to the present
Guaraní c. 1000 CE to the present
Charrúa c. 1000 to 1831 CE
Diaguita c. 900 to 1667 CE
Santarém culture (Tapajó) c. 1000 to 1650 CE
Quechua and Aymara peoples c. 1533 CE to the present
Upper Xingu garden cities c. 1250 to 1650 CE
French Guiana 1664 CE to the present
Dutch Suriname 1667 to 1975 CE
Araucanía (independent Mapuche lands) 1598 to 1883 CE
Captaincy General of Chile 1541 to 1818 CE
Charcas (Upper Peru) 1559 to 1825 CE
Real Audiencia of Quito 1563 to 1822 CE
Governorate of the Río de la Plata 1536 to 1776 CE
Province of Venezuela 1546 to 1777 CE
State of Maranhão and Grão-Pará 1621 to 1823 CE
Dutch Essequibo, Berbice and Demerara 1616 to 1814 CE
New Kingdom of Granada 1538 to 1717 CE
Jesuit reductions 1609 to 1767 CE
Quilombo dos Palmares c. 1605 to 1694 CE
Dutch Brazil (New Holland) 1630 to 1654 CE

Oceania

Aboriginal Australian peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
Māori iwi c. 1500 CE to the present
Papuan farmers and foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
Tu'i Tonga Empire c. 950 to 1865 CE
Saudeleur dynasty c. 1100 to 1628 CE
Tasmanian Aboriginal peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
Torres Strait Islanders c. 500 BCE to the present
Island Melanesian societies c. 500 BCE to the present
Fijian chiefdoms c. 500 BCE to 1874 CE
Eastern Micronesian islanders c. 100 BCE to the present
Samoan chiefdoms c. 1000 to 1900 CE
Hawaiian chiefdoms c. 1000 to 1795 CE
Society Islands chiefdoms c. 1000 to 1788 CE
Latte period Chamorro c. 900 to 1668 CE
Rapa Nui society c. 1200 to 1888 CE
Moriori c. 1500 to 1835 CE
Nahnmwarki chiefdoms of Pohnpei c. 1628 to 1887 CE
Spanish Marianas 1668 to 1898 CE