The world in the 18th century

In the 18th century (1701 to 1800 CE), the timeline shows 291 states, empires and colonies and 93 peoples across 12 regions. The most significant include Republic of Venice, Holy Roman Empire, Ethiopian Empire (Solomonic dynasty), Ottoman Empire and Ottoman Empire.

Previous: 17th century Next: 19th century

Events

• 1739 Nader Shah sacks Delhi, South Asia. The Persian ruler routs the Mughal army at Karnal and carries off the Peacock Throne and the Koh-i-Noor diamond.
• 1755 Destruction of the Dzungars, Central and North Asia. The Qianlong emperor sends armies against the Dzungar Khanate. War, massacre and smallpox kill most of the Dzungar people by 1758.
• 1757 Battle of Plassey, South Asia. Robert Clive's East India Company troops defeat the Nawab of Bengal after bribing his commander, starting British territorial rule in India.
• 1761 Third Battle of Panipat, South Asia. Ahmad Shah Durrani destroys the Maratha army north of Delhi in one of the largest battles of the 18th century.
• 1763 Treaty of Paris ends New France, North America. France gives Canada and the lands east of the Mississippi to Britain and Louisiana to Spain, ending its North American empire.
• 1767 Fall of Ayutthaya, Southeast Asia. Konbaung armies sack and burn Ayutthaya after a long siege, ending a kingdom that had lasted over 400 years.
• 1769 Watt's steam engine, Europe. James Watt patents a separate condenser that makes steam engines far more efficient, powering the Industrial Revolution in Britain.
• 1776 Declaration of Independence, North America. The Continental Congress declares the Thirteen Colonies independent of Britain. The war ends with British recognition in 1783.
• 1778 Cook reaches Hawaii, Oceania. James Cook's ships land on Kauai, opening Hawaii to European contact. Cook is killed at Kealakekua Bay the following year.
• 1780 Rebellion of Tupac Amaru II, South America. The kuraka José Gabriel Condorcanqui leads the largest Indigenous revolt in colonial Spanish America. Tens of thousands die before he is executed in 1781.
• 1788 First Fleet lands at Sydney Cove, Oceania. Eleven ships carrying about 750 convicts and their guards arrive at Port Jackson, beginning British colonisation of Australia.
• 1789 French Revolution, Europe. The storming of the Bastille on 14 July begins the revolution that abolishes feudal privileges and, in 1792, the monarchy.
• 1791 Haitian Revolution begins, Mesoamerica and Caribbean. Enslaved people in northern Saint-Domingue rise up. Under Toussaint Louverture and Dessalines they abolish slavery and win independence in 1804.
• 1798 Napoleon invades Egypt, North and West Africa. Napoleon defeats the Mamluks at the Battle of the Pyramids. The short French occupation breaks Mamluk power and brings Egypt to European attention.

Central and Southern Africa

• Kingdom of Kongo c. 1390 to 1914 CE
• Central African forest foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• San hunter-gatherers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Khoekhoe herders c. 100 BCE to 1904 CE
• Kingdom of Buganda c. 1300 to 1966 CE
• Bunyoro-Kitara c. 1400 to 1899 CE
• Portuguese Mozambique 1505 to 1975 CE
• Portuguese Angola 1575 to 1975 CE
• Mutapa Empire c. 1430 to 1760 CE
• Luba Empire c. 1585 to 1889 CE
• Kingdom of Imerina c. 1540 to 1817 CE
• Lunda Empire c. 1665 to 1887 CE
• Kingdom of Matamba c. 1530 to 1744 CE
• Rozvi Empire c. 1660 to 1866 CE
• Omani East Africa 1698 to 1856 CE
• Dutch Cape Colony 1652 to 1806 CE
• East African hunter-gatherers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Sotho-Tswana chiefdoms c. 1300 to 1830 CE
• Nguni chiefdoms c. 1300 to 1820 CE
• Kingdom of Nkore (Ankole) c. 1450 to 1967 CE
• Kingdom of Rwanda c. 1500 to 1961 CE
• Kingdom of Karagwe c. 1450 to 1890 CE
• Maasai pastoralists c. 1600 CE to the present
• Comorian sultanates c. 1500 to 1912 CE
• Tio Kingdom (Anziku) c. 1500 to 1880 CE
• Kingdom of Loango c. 1550 to 1883 CE
• Xhosa chiefdoms c. 1550 to 1879 CE
• Ovambo kingdoms c. 1600 to 1917 CE
• Herero pastoralists c. 1600 to 1904 CE
• Ovimbundu kingdoms c. 1600 to 1902 CE
• Kingdom of Kasanje c. 1620 to 1910 CE
• Kingdom of Burundi c. 1680 to 1966 CE
• Kuba Kingdom c. 1625 to 1900 CE
• Maravi Confederacy c. 1480 to 1750 CE
• Lozi Kingdom (Barotseland) c. 1700 to 1964 CE
• Pedi Kingdom c. 1650 to 1879 CE
• Sakalava kingdoms c. 1650 to 1840 CE
• Kingdom of Kazembe c. 1740 to 1899 CE
• Swazi Kingdom c. 1745 to 1903 CE
• Betsimisaraka Confederation c. 1712 to 1817 CE
• Isle de France (French Mauritius) 1715 to 1810 CE

North and West Africa

• Ethiopian Empire (Solomonic dynasty) 1270 to 1974 CE
• Kingdom of Benin c. 1180 to 1897 CE
• Bornu Empire c. 1387 to 1893 CE
• Oyo Empire c. 1400 to 1836 CE
• Funj Sultanate of Sennar 1504 to 1821 CE
• Regency of Algiers 1516 to 1830 CE
• Alaouite Sultanate of Morocco 1666 to 1912 CE
• Ashanti Empire 1701 to 1901 CE
• Amazigh (Berber) tribes c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Cushitic-speaking pastoralists c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Medjay, Blemmyes and Beja nomads c. 2300 BCE to the present
• Sahelian cereal farmers c. 1500 BCE to the present
• West African yam and oil palm farmers c. 1500 BCE to the present
• Chadic-speaking farmers c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Coptic Christians c. 300 CE to the present
• Saharan camel nomads (Sanhaja and Tuareg) c. 300 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Nri c. 900 to 1911 CE
• Hausa city-states c. 1000 to 1808 CE
• Arab tribes of Sudan c. 1300 CE to the present
• Portuguese Cape Verde 1462 to 1975 CE
• Oromo Gadaa confederations c. 1522 CE to the present
• Sultanate of Agadez c. 1449 to 1906 CE
• Mossi kingdoms c. 1450 to 1896 CE
• Sultanate of Bagirmi 1522 to 1897 CE
• Shilluk Kingdom c. 1490 to 1861 CE
• Ottoman Tripolitania 1551 to 1911 CE
• Ottoman Egypt 1517 to 1867 CE
• Kaabu 1537 to 1867 CE
• Kingdom of Cayor 1549 to 1879 CE
• Sultanate of Darfur c. 1603 to 1916 CE
• Dendi Kingdom 1591 to 1901 CE
• Regency of Tunis 1574 to 1881 CE
• Kingdom of Dahomey c. 1600 to 1904 CE
• French Senegal 1659 to 1960 CE
• Kwararafa (Jukun) c. 1500 to 1800 CE
• Wadai Sultanate 1635 to 1912 CE
• Dutch Gold Coast 1612 to 1872 CE
• Pashalik of Timbuktu 1591 to 1833 CE
• Emirate of Harar 1647 to 1887 CE
• Geledi Sultanate c. 1700 to 1910 CE
• Kong Empire 1710 to 1898 CE
• Majeerteen Sultanate c. 1750 to 1927 CE
• Imamate of Futa Jallon 1725 to 1896 CE
• Bambara Empire of Ségou 1712 to 1861 CE
• Kingdom of Jimma c. 1790 to 1932 CE
• Imamate of Futa Toro 1776 to 1861 CE
• Denkyira c. 1620 to 1701 CE
• French occupation of Egypt 1798 to 1801 CE

Europe

• Republic of Venice c. 697 to 1797 CE
• Holy Roman Empire 962 to 1806 CE
• Ottoman Empire 1299 to 1922 CE
• Portuguese Empire 1415 to 1999 CE
• Habsburg Monarchy 1526 to 1804 CE
• Dutch Republic 1581 to 1795 CE
• Kingdom of France (Bourbon) 1589 to 1792 CE
• Russian Empire 1721 to 1917 CE
• Papal States 756 to 1870 CE
• Kingdom of Scotland 843 to 1707 CE
• Republic of Genoa c. 1005 to 1797 CE
• Kingdom of Portugal 1139 to 1910 CE
• Kingdom of Bohemia 1198 to 1918 CE
• Grand Duchy of Lithuania c. 1236 to 1795 CE
• Kingdom of Naples 1282 to 1816 CE
• Crimean Khanate 1441 to 1783 CE
• Kingdom of Sweden 1721 CE to the present
• Denmark-Norway 1523 to 1814 CE
• Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569 to 1795 CE
• Kingdom of Prussia 1701 to 1918 CE
• Tsardom of Russia 1547 to 1721 CE
• Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont-Sardinia) 1720 to 1861 CE
• Swedish Empire 1611 to 1721 CE
• Bourbon Spain 1700 to 1808 CE
• Kingdom of England (Stuart) 1603 to 1707 CE
• Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 to 1800 CE
• First French Republic 1792 to 1804 CE
• Sami people c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Basques (Vascones) c. 500 BCE to the present
• San Marino c. 301 CE to the present
• County of Flanders 862 to 1795 CE
• Andorra 1278 CE to the present
• Bavaria (Wittelsbach) 1180 to 1918 CE
• Monaco 1297 CE to the present
• County and Duchy of Savoy c. 1003 to 1720 CE
• Kingdom of Sicily (island) 1282 to 1816 CE
• Wallachia 1330 to 1859 CE
• Moldavia c. 1346 to 1859 CE
• Old Swiss Confederacy 1291 to 1798 CE
• Republic of Ragusa 1358 to 1808 CE
• Montenegro (Prince-Bishopric to Kingdom) 1516 to 1918 CE
• Duchy of Milan 1395 to 1796 CE
• Duchy and Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1532 to 1859 CE
• British Gibraltar 1713 CE to the present
• Liechtenstein 1719 CE to the present
• Order of Saint John in Malta 1530 to 1798 CE
• Kingdom of Ireland 1542 to 1800 CE
• Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 1561 to 1795 CE
• Zaporozhian Sich c. 1552 to 1775 CE
• British Malta 1800 to 1964 CE
• Kalmyk Khanate c. 1630 to 1771 CE
• Principality of Transylvania 1570 to 1711 CE
• Spanish Netherlands 1581 to 1714 CE
• Cossack Hetmanate 1648 to 1764 CE
• Brandenburg-Prussia 1618 to 1701 CE
• Austrian Netherlands 1714 to 1797 CE
• Batavian Republic 1795 to 1806 CE

Middle East

• Ottoman Empire 1299 to 1922 CE
• Safavid Empire 1501 to 1736 CE
• Zaydi Imamate of Yemen 897 to 1918 CE
• Ottoman Syria and Palestine 1516 to 1918 CE
• Ottoman Iraq 1534 to 1918 CE
• Qajar dynasty 1789 to 1925 CE
• Emirate of Diriyah 1727 to 1818 CE
• Afsharid dynasty 1736 to 1796 CE
• Arab Bedouin tribes c. 900 BCE to the present
• Kurdish tribes and emirates c. 640 CE to the present
• Sharifate of Mecca 967 to 1925 CE
• Kingdom of Imereti 1260 to 1810 CE
• Ottoman Hejaz and Yemen 1517 to 1918 CE
• Emirate of Mount Lebanon c. 1516 to 1842 CE
• Kingdom of Kakheti 1465 to 1762 CE
• Kingdom of Kartli 1484 to 1762 CE
• Sheikhdom of Kuwait c. 1752 to 1961 CE
• Bahrain under the Al Khalifa 1783 to 1971 CE
• Mamluk dynasty of Iraq 1704 to 1831 CE
• Ya'aruba dynasty 1624 to 1744 CE
• Omani Empire (Al Bu Said) 1744 to 1856 CE
• Zand dynasty 1751 to 1794 CE
• Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 1762 to 1801 CE
• Hotak rule in Iran 1722 to 1729 CE

South Asia

• Mughal Empire 1526 to 1857 CE
• Ahom Kingdom 1228 to 1826 CE
• Kingdom of Mysore c. 1399 to 1950 CE
• Kingdom of Kandy 1469 to 1815 CE
• Kingdom of Nepal 1768 to 2008 CE
• Hyderabad State 1724 to 1948 CE
• Maratha Confederacy 1674 to 1818 CE
• Company rule in India 1757 to 1858 CE
• Durrani Empire 1747 to 1823 CE
• Sikh Empire 1799 to 1849 CE
• Munda-speaking peoples c. 1500 BCE to the present
• Tibeto-Burman hill peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Vedda people c. 900 BCE to the present
• Kingdom of Mewar c. 728 to 1949 CE
• Pashtun tribes c. 1000 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Manipur c. 1110 to 1949 CE
• Kingdom of Marwar c. 1226 to 1949 CE
• Zamorins of Calicut c. 1124 to 1766 CE
• Dimasa Kachari Kingdom c. 1250 to 1832 CE
• Malla dynasty of Nepal 1201 to 1769 CE
• Twipra Kingdom c. 1400 to 1949 CE
• Portuguese Goa 1510 to 1961 CE
• Kingdom of Sikkim 1642 to 1975 CE
• Bhutan under the Zhabdrung 1616 to 1907 CE
• French India 1674 to 1954 CE
• Baroda State 1721 to 1949 CE
• Jaipur State 1727 to 1949 CE
• Travancore 1729 to 1949 CE
• Gwalior State 1731 to 1948 CE
• Madurai Nayaks 1529 to 1736 CE
• Dutch Ceylon 1640 to 1796 CE
• British Ceylon 1796 to 1948 CE
• Awadh 1722 to 1856 CE
• Sikh Misls c. 1716 to 1799 CE
• Kalhora dynasty 1701 to 1783 CE
• Talpur dynasty 1783 to 1843 CE
• Nawabs of Bengal 1717 to 1765 CE
• Hotaki dynasty 1709 to 1738 CE

Central and North Asia

• Kazakh Khanate 1465 to 1847 CE
• Russian Siberia 1582 to 1917 CE
• Khanate of Bukhara 1500 to 1785 CE
• Qing rule in Mongolia 1691 to 1911 CE
• Qing Xinjiang 1759 to 1912 CE
• Dzungar Khanate 1634 to 1758 CE
• Yukaghir peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Chukchi, Koryak and Itelmen peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Evenki and Even reindeer herders c. 500 CE to the present
• Khanty, Mansi and Samoyedic peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
• Buryats c. 1200 CE to the present
• Turkmen tribes c. 1100 to 1881 CE
• Sakha (Yakuts) c. 1250 CE to the present
• Khanate of Khiva 1511 to 1920 CE
• Russian Far East and Yakutia 1632 to 1917 CE
• Yarkent Khanate 1514 to 1705 CE
• Khanate of Kokand 1709 to 1876 CE
• Emirate of Bukhara 1785 to 1920 CE

East Asia

• Qing dynasty 1636 to 1912 CE
• Joseon 1392 to 1897 CE
• Ganden Phodrang (Dalai Lama government) 1642 to 1951 CE
• Edo period (Tokugawa shogunate) 1603 to 1868 CE
• Formosan Austronesian peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Qiang peoples c. 1300 BCE to the present
• Ainu c. 1200 CE to the present
• Ryukyu Kingdom 1429 to 1879 CE
• Portuguese Macau 1557 to 1999 CE
• Manchuria under the Qing 1644 to 1907 CE
• Khoshut Khanate 1642 to 1717 CE

Southeast Asia

• Ayutthaya Kingdom 1351 to 1767 CE
• Dutch East Indies 1800 to 1949 CE
• Champa c. 192 to 1832 CE
• Bruneian Sultanate c. 1368 to 1888 CE
• Sultanate of Sulu c. 1405 to 1915 CE
• Lan Na 1292 to 1775 CE
• Aceh Sultanate 1496 to 1903 CE
• Later Le dynasty 1428 to 1789 CE
• Lan Xang 1353 to 1707 CE
• Spanish Philippines 1565 to 1898 CE
• Johor Sultanate 1528 to 1824 CE
• Dutch East India Company (VOC) 1605 to 1799 CE
• Mataram Sultanate c. 1586 to 1755 CE
• Restored Toungoo dynasty 1599 to 1752 CE
• Rattanakosin Kingdom (Siam) 1782 to 1932 CE
• Konbaung dynasty 1752 to 1885 CE
• Philippine Negrito foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Orang Asli (Semang and Senoi) c. 2000 BCE to the present
• Dayak peoples of Borneo c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Shan States c. 1250 to 1959 CE
• Balinese kingdoms 1343 to 1908 CE
• Pagaruyung Kingdom 1347 to 1833 CE
• Ternate and Tidore sultanates c. 1450 to 1914 CE
• Pattani Sultanate c. 1457 to 1902 CE
• Post-Angkor Cambodia 1431 to 1863 CE
• Sultanate of Maguindanao c. 1520 to 1905 CE
• Mrauk U Kingdom (Arakan) 1429 to 1785 CE
• Banten Sultanate 1527 to 1813 CE
• Portuguese Timor 1702 to 1975 CE
• Trinh lords 1545 to 1787 CE
• Nguyen lords 1558 to 1777 CE
• Surakarta and Yogyakarta 1755 to 1950 CE
• Kingdom of Champasak 1713 to 1904 CE
• Kingdom of Luang Phrabang 1707 to 1893 CE
• Dutch Malacca 1641 to 1824 CE
• Kingdom of Vientiane 1707 to 1828 CE
• Tay Son dynasty 1778 to 1802 CE
• Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1740 to 1757 CE
• Thonburi Kingdom 1767 to 1782 CE

North America

• United States 1776 CE to the present
• New France 1534 to 1763 CE
• Thirteen Colonies 1607 to 1776 CE
• Pacific Northwest peoples c. 500 CE to the present
• Pueblo peoples (Hopi, Zuni, Rio Grande) c. 1300 CE to the present
• Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) c. 1450 CE to the present
• Navajo (Diné) c. 1500 CE to the present
• Inuit peoples c. 1600 CE to the present
• Lakota (Teton Sioux) c. 1700 CE to the present
• Rupert's Land (Hudson's Bay Company) 1670 to 1870 CE
• Comanche empire (Comancheria) c. 1706 to 1875 CE
• British North America 1763 to 1867 CE
• French Louisiana 1682 to 1762 CE
• Russian America 1799 to 1867 CE
• Unangan (Aleut) peoples c. 2500 BCE to the present
• Dene (Northern Athabaskan) peoples c. 500 BCE to the present
• Chumash c. 500 CE to the present
• California peoples (Ohlone, Miwok, Pomo, Tongva) c. 500 CE to the present
• Caddo confederacies c. 800 to 1859 CE
• Cree peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
• Numic peoples (Shoshone, Paiute, Ute) c. 1000 CE to the present
• Beothuk c. 1000 to 1829 CE
• Fort Ancient culture c. 1000 to 1750 CE
• Apache peoples c. 1400 CE to the present
• Wichita peoples (Quivira) c. 1450 CE to the present
• O'odham peoples c. 1450 CE to the present
• Mandan and Hidatsa villages c. 1300 to 1837 CE
• Natchez c. 1200 to 1731 CE
• Blackfoot Confederacy c. 1600 CE to the present
• Cherokee c. 1500 to 1794 CE
• Danish Greenland 1721 to 1979 CE
• Spanish Florida 1565 to 1821 CE
• Santa Fe de Nuevo México 1598 to 1821 CE
• Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy c. 1650 to 1836 CE
• Spanish Texas 1690 to 1821 CE
• Cherokee Nation 1794 to 1907 CE
• Acadia 1604 to 1713 CE
• Alta California 1769 to 1821 CE
• Upper Canada 1791 to 1841 CE
• Lower Canada 1791 to 1841 CE
• Spanish Louisiana 1762 to 1801 CE
• Province of Quebec 1763 to 1791 CE

Mesoamerica and Caribbean

• New Spain 1521 to 1821 CE
• Spanish Cuba 1511 to 1898 CE
• British West Indies 1624 to 1983 CE
• Captaincy General of Santo Domingo 1493 to 1821 CE
• Colony of Jamaica 1655 to 1962 CE
• Captaincy General of Guatemala 1543 to 1821 CE
• Saint-Domingue 1697 to 1804 CE
• Yaqui, Mayo and Raramuri peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
• Island Caribs (Kalinago) c. 1200 CE to the present
• Zapotec, Mixtec and Mixe peoples c. 1521 CE to the present
• Maya peoples (colonial and modern) c. 1524 CE to the present
• Dutch Caribbean 1634 CE to the present
• Spanish Puerto Rico 1508 to 1898 CE
• Spanish Panama (Castilla de Oro) 1510 to 1821 CE
• French Antilles 1635 to 1946 CE
• Nueva Vizcaya 1562 to 1821 CE
• Mosquito Kingdom c. 1638 to 1894 CE
• Danish West Indies 1672 to 1917 CE
• Baymen settlement of Belize c. 1650 to 1862 CE

South America

• Portuguese Brazil 1500 to 1815 CE
• Viceroyalty of Peru 1542 to 1824 CE
• Tupi-Guarani peoples c. 500 CE to the present
• Mapuche c. 1000 CE to the present
• Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717 to 1819 CE
• Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 1776 to 1814 CE
• Fuegian canoe peoples (Yaghan, Kawésqar) c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Jê peoples c. 1 CE to the present
• Patagonian peoples (Tehuelche, Selk'nam) c. 1 CE to the present
• Arawakan peoples of the Amazon c. 1000 CE to the present
• Carib peoples of the Guianas c. 1000 CE to the present
• Guaraní c. 1000 CE to the present
• Charrúa c. 1000 to 1831 CE
• Quechua and Aymara peoples c. 1533 CE to the present
• French Guiana 1664 CE to the present
• Dutch Suriname 1667 to 1975 CE
• Araucanía (independent Mapuche lands) 1598 to 1883 CE
• Captaincy General of Chile 1541 to 1818 CE
• Charcas (Upper Peru) 1559 to 1825 CE
• Real Audiencia of Quito 1563 to 1822 CE
• Governorate of the Río de la Plata 1536 to 1776 CE
• Province of Venezuela 1546 to 1777 CE
• State of Maranhão and Grão-Pará 1621 to 1823 CE
• Dutch Essequibo, Berbice and Demerara 1616 to 1814 CE
• New Kingdom of Granada 1538 to 1717 CE
• Jesuit reductions 1609 to 1767 CE
• Captaincy General of Venezuela 1777 to 1823 CE

Oceania

• Aboriginal Australian peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Māori iwi c. 1500 CE to the present
• Papuan farmers and foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Tu'i Tonga Empire c. 950 to 1865 CE
• Colony of New South Wales 1788 to 1901 CE
• Kingdom of Hawaii 1795 to 1893 CE
• Tasmanian Aboriginal peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Torres Strait Islanders c. 500 BCE to the present
• Island Melanesian societies c. 500 BCE to the present
• Fijian chiefdoms c. 500 BCE to 1874 CE
• Eastern Micronesian islanders c. 100 BCE to the present
• Samoan chiefdoms c. 1000 to 1900 CE
• Hawaiian chiefdoms c. 1000 to 1795 CE
• Society Islands chiefdoms c. 1000 to 1788 CE
• Rapa Nui society c. 1200 to 1888 CE
• Moriori c. 1500 to 1835 CE
• Nahnmwarki chiefdoms of Pohnpei c. 1628 to 1887 CE
• Spanish Marianas 1668 to 1898 CE
• Macassan trepangers c. 1720 to 1907 CE
• Kingdom of Tahiti c. 1788 to 1880 CE