The world in the 16th century

In the 16th century (1501 to 1600 CE), the timeline shows 268 states, empires and colonies and 119 peoples across 12 regions. The most significant include Republic of Venice, Swahili city-states, Holy Roman Empire, Ethiopian Empire (Solomonic dynasty) and Ottoman Empire.

Previous: 15th century Next: 17th century

Events

• 1505 Portuguese sack Kilwa and Mombasa, Central and Southern Africa. Francisco de Almeida's fleet storms Kilwa and burns Mombasa, beginning Portuguese domination of the Swahili coast.
• 1511 Portuguese capture Malacca, Southeast Asia. Afonso de Albuquerque storms Malacca, giving Portugal control of the main gateway between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea.
• 1514 Battle of Chaldiran, Middle East. Ottoman cannon and muskets defeat the Safavid cavalry of Ismail I. The frontier between Sunni Ottoman lands and Shia Iran takes shape.
• 1517 Luther's Ninety-five Theses, Europe. Martin Luther attacks the sale of indulgences in Wittenberg, starting the Protestant Reformation.
• 1521 Magellan killed at Mactan, Southeast Asia. Ferdinand Magellan's expedition reaches the Philippines, converts the ruler of Cebu and loses Magellan in battle with Lapulapu on Mactan.
• 1521 Fall of Tenochtitlan, Mesoamerica and Caribbean. After a siege of about 80 days, Cortés and tens of thousands of Tlaxcalan and other allies capture the Aztec capital, already ravaged by smallpox.
• 1526 First Battle of Panipat, South Asia. Babur's smaller army, using field guns and cavalry flanking, defeats Ibrahim Lodi and founds the Mughal Empire.
• 1529 Battle of Shimbra Kure, North and West Africa. Imam Ahmad of Adal routs Emperor Lebna Dengel, beginning fourteen years of conquest across the Christian highlands of Ethiopia.
• 1532 Pizarro captures Atahualpa at Cajamarca, South America. About 170 Spaniards seize the Inca emperor, fresh from victory in a civil war. Atahualpa is executed in 1533 despite paying a room full of gold.
• 1540 De Soto and Coronado expeditions, North America. Hernando de Soto marches through the Southeast from 1539 to 1542 and Coronado searches the Southwest and plains for golden cities. Epidemics follow in their wake.
• 1542 Orellana descends the Amazon, South America. Francisco de Orellana's party travels the length of the Amazon and reports dense populations along its banks, later emptied by disease.
• 1545 Cocoliztli epidemic, Mesoamerica and Caribbean. A pestilence called cocoliztli kills a large part of the native population of New Spain between 1545 and 1548.
• 1545 Silver found at Potosí, South America. The Cerro Rico of Potosí proves the richest silver deposit ever found. Its output fuels Spanish power and world trade for two centuries.
• 1565 Battle of Talikota, South Asia. An alliance of Deccan sultanates crushes the army of Vijayanagara, and the victors spend months looting the capital at Hampi.
• 1565 Manila galleon route opens, Southeast Asia. Andrés de Urdaneta finds the return route across the Pacific, opening the galleon trade that carried American silver to Asia for 250 years.
• 1572 Execution of Tupac Amaru, South America. Viceroy Francisco de Toledo has the last Inca ruler of Vilcabamba beheaded in the main square of Cusco.
• 1578 Altan Khan names the Dalai Lama, Central and North Asia. The Tumed Mongol ruler Altan Khan meets the Tibetan lama Sonam Gyatso and gives him the title Dalai Lama, starting the Mongols' conversion to Tibetan Buddhism.
• 1582 Yermak takes Sibir, Central and North Asia. A Cossack band hired by the Stroganov merchants captures Qashliq, the capital of the Khanate of Sibir, opening Siberia to Russia.
• 1591 Battle of Tondibi, North and West Africa. A Moroccan army of musketeers sent across the Sahara by Ahmad al-Mansur routs the Songhai, ending the last great Sahelian empire.
• 1592 Japanese invasion of Korea, East Asia. Toyotomi Hideyoshi sends some 150,000 troops into Korea. Ming armies, Korean guerrillas and Admiral Yi Sun-sin's fleet force a withdrawal by 1598.
• 1598 Battle of Curalaba, South America. Mapuche forces kill the governor of Chile and destroy the Spanish towns south of the Biobío, which stays the frontier for nearly 300 years.
• 1600 Battle of Sekigahara, East Asia. Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats the western daimyo coalition and becomes master of Japan, taking the title of shogun in 1603.

Central and Southern Africa

• Swahili city-states c. 800 to 1700 CE
• Kingdom of Kongo c. 1390 to 1914 CE
• Central African forest foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• San hunter-gatherers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Khoekhoe herders c. 100 BCE to 1904 CE
• Kingdom of Buganda c. 1300 to 1966 CE
• Kilwa Sultanate c. 957 to 1513 CE
• Bunyoro-Kitara c. 1400 to 1899 CE
• Portuguese Mozambique 1505 to 1975 CE
• Portuguese Angola 1575 to 1975 CE
• Mutapa Empire c. 1430 to 1760 CE
• Luba Empire c. 1585 to 1889 CE
• Kingdom of Imerina c. 1540 to 1817 CE
• Kingdom of Butua c. 1450 to 1683 CE
• Kingdom of Matamba c. 1530 to 1744 CE
• Kingdom of Ndongo c. 1500 to 1671 CE
• East African hunter-gatherers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Malagasy chiefdoms and trading towns c. 1000 to 1600 CE
• Sotho-Tswana chiefdoms c. 1300 to 1830 CE
• Nguni chiefdoms c. 1300 to 1820 CE
• Kingdom of Nkore (Ankole) c. 1450 to 1967 CE
• Kingdom of Rwanda c. 1500 to 1961 CE
• Kingdom of Karagwe c. 1450 to 1890 CE
• Maasai pastoralists c. 1600 CE to the present
• Comorian sultanates c. 1500 to 1912 CE
• Tio Kingdom (Anziku) c. 1500 to 1880 CE
• Kingdom of Loango c. 1550 to 1883 CE
• Xhosa chiefdoms c. 1550 to 1879 CE
• Ovambo kingdoms c. 1600 to 1917 CE
• Herero pastoralists c. 1600 to 1904 CE
• Ovimbundu kingdoms c. 1600 to 1902 CE
• Maravi Confederacy c. 1480 to 1750 CE
• Portuguese Swahili coast 1505 to 1698 CE

North and West Africa

• Ethiopian Empire (Solomonic dynasty) 1270 to 1974 CE
• Mali Empire c. 1235 to 1670 CE
• Mamluk Sultanate 1250 to 1517 CE
• Songhai Empire 1464 to 1591 CE
• Kingdom of Benin c. 1180 to 1897 CE
• Bornu Empire c. 1387 to 1893 CE
• Oyo Empire c. 1400 to 1836 CE
• Hafsids 1229 to 1574 CE
• Funj Sultanate of Sennar 1504 to 1821 CE
• Regency of Algiers 1516 to 1830 CE
• Adal Sultanate 1415 to 1577 CE
• Saadi Sultanate 1510 to 1659 CE
• Amazigh (Berber) tribes c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Cushitic-speaking pastoralists c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Medjay, Blemmyes and Beja nomads c. 2300 BCE to the present
• Sahelian cereal farmers c. 1500 BCE to the present
• West African yam and oil palm farmers c. 1500 BCE to the present
• Chadic-speaking farmers c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Sao culture c. 500 BCE to 1600 CE
• Coptic Christians c. 300 CE to the present
• Saharan camel nomads (Sanhaja and Tuareg) c. 300 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Nri c. 900 to 1911 CE
• Alodia c. 500 to 1504 CE
• Hausa city-states c. 1000 to 1808 CE
• Arab tribes of Sudan c. 1300 CE to the present
• Portuguese Cape Verde 1462 to 1975 CE
• Oromo Gadaa confederations c. 1522 CE to the present
• Sultanate of Agadez c. 1449 to 1906 CE
• Mossi kingdoms c. 1450 to 1896 CE
• Ajuran Sultanate c. 1300 to 1700 CE
• Sultanate of Bagirmi 1522 to 1897 CE
• Shilluk Kingdom c. 1490 to 1861 CE
• Ottoman Tripolitania 1551 to 1911 CE
• Ottoman Egypt 1517 to 1867 CE
• Kaabu 1537 to 1867 CE
• Kingdom of Cayor 1549 to 1879 CE
• Zayyanids 1235 to 1556 CE
• Dendi Kingdom 1591 to 1901 CE
• Regency of Tunis 1574 to 1881 CE
• Kingdom of Dahomey c. 1600 to 1904 CE
• Kwararafa (Jukun) c. 1500 to 1800 CE
• Pashalik of Timbuktu 1591 to 1833 CE
• Jolof Empire c. 1350 to 1549 CE
• Portuguese Gold Coast (Elmina) 1482 to 1642 CE
• Imamate of Aussa 1577 to 1672 CE
• Wattasids 1472 to 1554 CE

Europe

• Republic of Venice c. 697 to 1797 CE
• Holy Roman Empire 962 to 1806 CE
• Ottoman Empire 1299 to 1922 CE
• Portuguese Empire 1415 to 1999 CE
• Habsburg Monarchy 1526 to 1804 CE
• Dutch Republic 1581 to 1795 CE
• Kingdom of France (Bourbon) 1589 to 1792 CE
• Spanish Empire (Habsburg Spain) 1516 to 1700 CE
• Gaelic Ireland c. 500 BCE to 1607 CE
• Papal States 756 to 1870 CE
• Kingdom of Scotland 843 to 1707 CE
• Republic of Genoa c. 1005 to 1797 CE
• Kingdom of Portugal 1139 to 1910 CE
• Kingdom of Bohemia 1198 to 1918 CE
• Grand Duchy of Lithuania c. 1236 to 1795 CE
• Kingdom of Naples 1282 to 1816 CE
• Kingdom of Hungary 1000 to 1526 CE
• Republic of Florence 1115 to 1532 CE
• Crown of Aragon 1164 to 1516 CE
• Crimean Khanate 1441 to 1783 CE
• Hanseatic League c. 1356 to 1669 CE
• State of the Teutonic Order 1230 to 1525 CE
• Denmark-Norway 1523 to 1814 CE
• Crown of Castile 1230 to 1516 CE
• Grand Duchy of Moscow 1263 to 1547 CE
• Kingdom of France (Valois) 1328 to 1589 CE
• Golden Horde 1242 to 1502 CE
• Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569 to 1795 CE
• Kingdom of Poland (Jagiellonian) 1386 to 1569 CE
• Tsardom of Russia 1547 to 1721 CE
• Kalmar Union 1397 to 1523 CE
• Tudor England 1485 to 1603 CE
• Sami people c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Basques (Vascones) c. 500 BCE to the present
• San Marino c. 301 CE to the present
• County of Flanders 862 to 1795 CE
• Andorra 1278 CE to the present
• Bavaria (Wittelsbach) 1180 to 1918 CE
• Monaco 1297 CE to the present
• County and Duchy of Savoy c. 1003 to 1720 CE
• Kingdom of Navarre c. 824 to 1512 CE
• Kingdom and Duchy of Brittany 851 to 1532 CE
• Kingdom of Sicily (island) 1282 to 1816 CE
• Wallachia 1330 to 1859 CE
• Moldavia c. 1346 to 1859 CE
• Old Swiss Confederacy 1291 to 1798 CE
• Margraviate of Brandenburg 1157 to 1618 CE
• Venetian Crete 1211 to 1669 CE
• Republic of Ragusa 1358 to 1808 CE
• Montenegro (Prince-Bishopric to Kingdom) 1516 to 1918 CE
• Duchy of Milan 1395 to 1796 CE
• Lordship of Ireland 1171 to 1542 CE
• Duchy of Austria 1156 to 1526 CE
• Terra Mariana (Livonia) 1207 to 1561 CE
• Duchy and Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1532 to 1859 CE
• Order of Saint John in Malta 1530 to 1798 CE
• Kingdom of Ireland 1542 to 1800 CE
• Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 1561 to 1795 CE
• Zaporozhian Sich c. 1552 to 1775 CE
• Principality of Transylvania 1570 to 1711 CE
• Spanish Netherlands 1581 to 1714 CE
• Khanate of Kazan 1438 to 1552 CE
• Habsburg Netherlands 1482 to 1581 CE
• Duchy of Prussia 1525 to 1618 CE
• Khanate of Astrakhan 1466 to 1556 CE
• Kingdom of Sweden (Vasa) 1523 to 1611 CE
• Iberian Union 1580 to 1640 CE

Middle East

• Ottoman Empire 1299 to 1922 CE
• Safavid Empire 1501 to 1736 CE
• Zaydi Imamate of Yemen 897 to 1918 CE
• Ottoman Syria and Palestine 1516 to 1918 CE
• Ottoman Iraq 1534 to 1918 CE
• Mamluk Sultanate (Syria) 1260 to 1516 CE
• Timurid Empire 1370 to 1507 CE
• Aq Qoyunlu 1378 to 1503 CE
• Arab Bedouin tribes c. 900 BCE to the present
• Kurdish tribes and emirates c. 640 CE to the present
• Sharifate of Mecca 967 to 1925 CE
• Shirvanshahs 861 to 1538 CE
• Oghuz Turkmen nomads c. 1040 to 1600 CE
• Kingdom of Imereti 1260 to 1810 CE
• Kingdom of Hormuz c. 1100 to 1622 CE
• Nabhani dynasty c. 1154 to 1624 CE
• Ottoman Hejaz and Yemen 1517 to 1918 CE
• Emirate of Mount Lebanon c. 1516 to 1842 CE
• Kingdom of Kakheti 1465 to 1762 CE
• Kingdom of Kartli 1484 to 1762 CE
• Portuguese Muscat and Gulf forts 1507 to 1650 CE
• Tahirids of Yemen 1454 to 1517 CE

South Asia

• Mughal Empire 1526 to 1857 CE
• Ahom Kingdom 1228 to 1826 CE
• Kingdom of Mysore c. 1399 to 1950 CE
• Kingdom of Kandy 1469 to 1815 CE
• Delhi Sultanate 1206 to 1526 CE
• Vijayanagara Empire 1336 to 1646 CE
• Bengal Sultanate 1352 to 1576 CE
• Bahmani Sultanate 1347 to 1527 CE
• Timurid Empire 1370 to 1507 CE
• Sur Empire 1540 to 1556 CE
• Munda-speaking peoples c. 1500 BCE to the present
• Tibeto-Burman hill peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Vedda people c. 900 BCE to the present
• Kingdom of Mewar c. 728 to 1949 CE
• Pashtun tribes c. 1000 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Manipur c. 1110 to 1949 CE
• Kingdom of Marwar c. 1226 to 1949 CE
• Zamorins of Calicut c. 1124 to 1766 CE
• Dimasa Kachari Kingdom c. 1250 to 1832 CE
• Malla dynasty of Nepal 1201 to 1769 CE
• Twipra Kingdom c. 1400 to 1949 CE
• Portuguese Goa 1510 to 1961 CE
• Jaffna Kingdom c. 1215 to 1619 CE
• Shah Mir Sultanate of Kashmir 1339 to 1561 CE
• Madurai Nayaks 1529 to 1736 CE
• Bijapur Sultanate 1490 to 1686 CE
• Kingdom of Kotte 1412 to 1597 CE
• Samma dynasty 1351 to 1524 CE
• Malwa Sultanate 1392 to 1562 CE
• Golconda Sultanate 1518 to 1687 CE
• Gujarat Sultanate 1407 to 1573 CE
• Portuguese Ceylon 1505 to 1658 CE
• Ahmadnagar Sultanate 1490 to 1636 CE
• Lodi dynasty 1451 to 1526 CE
• Arghun and Tarkhan dynasties 1520 to 1591 CE

Central and North Asia

• Timurid Empire 1370 to 1507 CE
• Kazakh Khanate 1465 to 1847 CE
• Russian Siberia 1582 to 1917 CE
• Khanate of Bukhara 1500 to 1785 CE
• Northern Yuan 1368 to 1635 CE
• Golden Horde 1242 to 1502 CE
• Yukaghir peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Chukchi, Koryak and Itelmen peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Evenki and Even reindeer herders c. 500 CE to the present
• Khanty, Mansi and Samoyedic peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
• Buryats c. 1200 CE to the present
• Turkmen tribes c. 1100 to 1881 CE
• Sakha (Yakuts) c. 1250 CE to the present
• Khanate of Khiva 1511 to 1920 CE
• Four Oirat 1399 to 1634 CE
• Yarkent Khanate 1514 to 1705 CE
• Moghulistan c. 1347 to 1514 CE
• Khanate of Sibir c. 1468 to 1598 CE

East Asia

• Ming dynasty 1368 to 1644 CE
• Joseon 1392 to 1897 CE
• Muromachi shogunate 1336 to 1573 CE
• Formosan Austronesian peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Qiang peoples c. 1300 BCE to the present
• Ainu c. 1200 CE to the present
• Jurchen tribes c. 926 to 1616 CE
• Guge kingdom c. 967 to 1630 CE
• Ryukyu Kingdom 1429 to 1879 CE
• Portuguese Macau 1557 to 1999 CE
• Phagmodrupa dynasty 1354 to 1618 CE
• Sengoku period c. 1467 to 1600 CE
• Tsangpa dynasty 1565 to 1642 CE
• Azuchi-Momoyama period 1568 to 1600 CE

Southeast Asia

• Ayutthaya Kingdom 1351 to 1767 CE
• Majapahit Empire c. 1293 to 1527 CE
• Malacca Sultanate c. 1400 to 1511 CE
• Champa c. 192 to 1832 CE
• Bruneian Sultanate c. 1368 to 1888 CE
• Sultanate of Sulu c. 1405 to 1915 CE
• Lan Na 1292 to 1775 CE
• Aceh Sultanate 1496 to 1903 CE
• Later Le dynasty 1428 to 1789 CE
• Lan Xang 1353 to 1707 CE
• Spanish Philippines 1565 to 1898 CE
• Johor Sultanate 1528 to 1824 CE
• Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1287 to 1539 CE
• Ava Kingdom 1364 to 1555 CE
• Mataram Sultanate c. 1586 to 1755 CE
• Restored Toungoo dynasty 1599 to 1752 CE
• First Toungoo Empire 1510 to 1599 CE
• Philippine Negrito foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Orang Asli (Semang and Senoi) c. 2000 BCE to the present
• Dayak peoples of Borneo c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Kutai Martadipura c. 350 to 1605 CE
• Sunda Kingdom c. 669 to 1579 CE
• Shan States c. 1250 to 1959 CE
• Tondo c. 900 to 1589 CE
• Barangay chiefdoms c. 900 to 1565 CE
• Balinese kingdoms 1343 to 1908 CE
• Pagaruyung Kingdom 1347 to 1833 CE
• Ternate and Tidore sultanates c. 1450 to 1914 CE
• Pattani Sultanate c. 1457 to 1902 CE
• Post-Angkor Cambodia 1431 to 1863 CE
• Sultanate of Maguindanao c. 1520 to 1905 CE
• Gowa Sultanate (Makassar) c. 1300 to 1669 CE
• Mrauk U Kingdom (Arakan) 1429 to 1785 CE
• Banten Sultanate 1527 to 1813 CE
• Rajahnate of Cebu c. 1300 to 1565 CE
• Samudera Pasai Sultanate c. 1267 to 1521 CE
• Trinh lords 1545 to 1787 CE
• Nguyen lords 1558 to 1777 CE
• Portuguese Malacca 1511 to 1641 CE
• Demak Sultanate c. 1475 to 1554 CE
• Mac dynasty 1527 to 1592 CE

North America

• Mississippian culture c. 800 to 1600 CE
• Thule culture c. 1000 to 1600 CE
• New France 1534 to 1763 CE
• Pacific Northwest peoples c. 500 CE to the present
• Pueblo peoples (Hopi, Zuni, Rio Grande) c. 1300 CE to the present
• Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) c. 1450 CE to the present
• Navajo (Diné) c. 1500 CE to the present
• Inuit peoples c. 1600 CE to the present
• Unangan (Aleut) peoples c. 2500 BCE to the present
• Dene (Northern Athabaskan) peoples c. 500 BCE to the present
• Chumash c. 500 CE to the present
• California peoples (Ohlone, Miwok, Pomo, Tongva) c. 500 CE to the present
• Caddo confederacies c. 800 to 1859 CE
• Cree peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
• Numic peoples (Shoshone, Paiute, Ute) c. 1000 CE to the present
• Beothuk c. 1000 to 1829 CE
• Fort Ancient culture c. 1000 to 1750 CE
• Oneota culture c. 1000 to 1650 CE
• Apache peoples c. 1400 CE to the present
• Wichita peoples (Quivira) c. 1450 CE to the present
• O'odham peoples c. 1450 CE to the present
• Mandan and Hidatsa villages c. 1300 to 1837 CE
• Natchez c. 1200 to 1731 CE
• Blackfoot Confederacy c. 1600 CE to the present
• Cherokee c. 1500 to 1794 CE
• Spanish Florida 1565 to 1821 CE
• Huron-Wendat Confederacy c. 1400 to 1650 CE
• Santa Fe de Nuevo México 1598 to 1821 CE
• Coosa chiefdom c. 1400 to 1600 CE
• Powhatan Paramount Chiefdom c. 1570 to 1646 CE
• Roanoke Colony 1585 to 1590 CE

Mesoamerica and Caribbean

• Taíno chiefdoms c. 1200 to 1550 CE
• New Spain 1521 to 1821 CE
• Aztec Empire (Triple Alliance) 1428 to 1521 CE
• Chibchan chiefdoms (Costa Rica and Panama) c. 500 BCE to 1570 CE
• Mixtec kingdoms c. 900 to 1522 CE
• Spanish Cuba 1511 to 1898 CE
• Captaincy General of Santo Domingo 1493 to 1821 CE
• K'iche' kingdom c. 1225 to 1524 CE
• Captaincy General of Guatemala 1543 to 1821 CE
• Tarascan state c. 1350 to 1530 CE
• Greater Nicoya cultures c. 500 BCE to 1522 CE
• Cholula c. 300 BCE to 1519 CE
• Gran Coclé chiefdoms c. 1 to 1520 CE
• Diquís culture c. 500 to 1530 CE
• Yaqui, Mayo and Raramuri peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
• Island Caribs (Kalinago) c. 1200 CE to the present
• Lucayan Taíno c. 800 to 1520 CE
• Chichimeca peoples c. 900 to 1600 CE
• Zapotec city-states (Zaachila, Mitla) c. 850 to 1521 CE
• Huastec (Teenek) peoples c. 900 to 1525 CE
• Zapotec, Mixtec and Mixe peoples c. 1521 CE to the present
• Maya peoples (colonial and modern) c. 1524 CE to the present
• Spanish Puerto Rico 1508 to 1898 CE
• Nicarao chiefdom c. 1200 to 1524 CE
• Totonac (Cempoala) c. 1200 to 1519 CE
• Spanish Panama (Castilla de Oro) 1510 to 1821 CE
• Nueva Vizcaya 1562 to 1821 CE
• Itza kingdom (Nojpetén) c. 1450 to 1697 CE
• Tlaxcala c. 1350 to 1521 CE
• Spanish Jamaica 1509 to 1655 CE
• Yucatec Maya provinces c. 1441 to 1546 CE
• Kaqchikel kingdom c. 1470 to 1524 CE

South America

• Portuguese Brazil 1500 to 1815 CE
• Viceroyalty of Peru 1542 to 1824 CE
• Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu) 1438 to 1533 CE
• Tupi-Guarani peoples c. 500 CE to the present
• Mapuche c. 1000 CE to the present
• Muisca Confederation c. 800 to 1540 CE
• Fuegian canoe peoples (Yaghan, Kawésqar) c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Jê peoples c. 1 CE to the present
• Patagonian peoples (Tehuelche, Selk'nam) c. 1 CE to the present
• Quimbaya culture c. 1 to 1550 CE
• Tairona c. 200 to 1600 CE
• Cañari c. 500 to 1532 CE
• Arawakan peoples of the Amazon c. 1000 CE to the present
• Carib peoples of the Guianas c. 1000 CE to the present
• Guaraní c. 1000 CE to the present
• Charrúa c. 1000 to 1831 CE
• Diaguita c. 900 to 1667 CE
• Manteño-Huancavilca culture c. 800 to 1532 CE
• Santarém culture (Tapajó) c. 1000 to 1650 CE
• Quechua and Aymara peoples c. 1533 CE to the present
• Upper Xingu garden cities c. 1250 to 1650 CE
• Araucanía (independent Mapuche lands) 1598 to 1883 CE
• Captaincy General of Chile 1541 to 1818 CE
• Charcas (Upper Peru) 1559 to 1825 CE
• Real Audiencia of Quito 1563 to 1822 CE
• Governorate of the Río de la Plata 1536 to 1776 CE
• Province of Venezuela 1546 to 1777 CE
• New Kingdom of Granada 1538 to 1717 CE
• Neo-Inca State of Vilcabamba 1537 to 1572 CE
• Klein-Venedig (Welser Venezuela) 1528 to 1546 CE
• France Antarctique 1555 to 1567 CE
• Governorate of New Castile 1532 to 1542 CE

Oceania

• Aboriginal Australian peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Māori iwi c. 1500 CE to the present
• Papuan farmers and foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Tu'i Tonga Empire c. 950 to 1865 CE
• Saudeleur dynasty c. 1100 to 1628 CE
• Tasmanian Aboriginal peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Torres Strait Islanders c. 500 BCE to the present
• Island Melanesian societies c. 500 BCE to the present
• Fijian chiefdoms c. 500 BCE to 1874 CE
• Eastern Micronesian islanders c. 100 BCE to the present
• Samoan chiefdoms c. 1000 to 1900 CE
• Hawaiian chiefdoms c. 1000 to 1795 CE
• Society Islands chiefdoms c. 1000 to 1788 CE
• Latte period Chamorro c. 900 to 1668 CE
• Rapa Nui society c. 1200 to 1888 CE
• Moriori c. 1500 to 1835 CE