The world in the 19th century

In the 19th century (1801 to 1900 CE), the timeline shows 401 states, empires and colonies and 91 peoples across 12 regions. The most significant include Holy Roman Empire, Ethiopian Empire (Solomonic dynasty), Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Empire and Portuguese Empire.

Previous: 18th century Next: 20th century

Events

• 1803 Louisiana Purchase, North America. The United States buys about 2.1 million square km west of the Mississippi from France for 15 million dollars, doubling its size.
• 1804 Usman dan Fodio's jihad, North and West Africa. The Fula scholar Usman dan Fodio declares a holy war against the Hausa king of Gobir, founding the Sokoto Caliphate within a few years.
• 1808 Portuguese court arrives in Rio, South America. Fleeing Napoleon, the Portuguese royal family moves to Rio de Janeiro, making it the capital of a European empire.
• 1810 Grito de Dolores, Mesoamerica and Caribbean. The priest Miguel Hidalgo calls for revolt against Spanish rule, starting the Mexican War of Independence, won in 1821.
• 1815 Battle of Waterloo, Europe. British, Dutch and Prussian armies defeat Napoleon in Belgium, and the Congress of Vienna redraws the map of Europe.
• 1815 Eruption of Tambora, Southeast Asia. Mount Tambora on Sumbawa produces the largest eruption in recorded history, killing tens of thousands and causing the year without a summer in 1816.
• 1816 Shaka becomes Zulu king, Central and Southern Africa. Shaka takes power among the Zulu. The wars and migrations of the next two decades, the Mfecane or Difaqane, remade states from Natal to Lake Tanganyika.
• 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, Southeast Asia. Britain and the Netherlands divide the Malay world along the Strait of Malacca, roughly fixing the later border between Malaysia and Indonesia.
• 1824 Battle of Ayacucho, South America. Antonio José de Sucre defeats the last royalist army in Peru, ending Spanish rule on the South American mainland.
• 1836 The Great Trek begins, Central and Southern Africa. Thousands of Boer families leave the Cape Colony for the interior, founding the Natalia, Orange Free State and Transvaal republics.
• 1838 Trail of Tears, North America. The US Army forces about 16,000 Cherokee from their homeland to Indian Territory. Thousands die on the way.
• 1839 First Opium War, East Asia. After Lin Zexu destroys British opium at Canton, Britain goes to war and forces the Treaty of Nanjing, opening ports and taking Hong Kong.
• 1840 Treaty of Waitangi, Oceania. Over 500 Māori chiefs and the British Crown sign a treaty whose English and Māori texts differ on sovereignty, the founding document of New Zealand.
• 1847 Caste War of Yucatán begins, Mesoamerica and Caribbean. Maya peasants rise against the Yucatecan elite and nearly take Mérida. Rebels hold eastern Yucatán for over 50 years.
• 1848 Mexican Cession and California Gold Rush, North America. Mexico cedes the Southwest and California in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, days after gold is found at Sutter's Mill.
• 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mesoamerica and Caribbean. Mexico cedes California, New Mexico and its claims to Texas to the United States, about half its territory.
• 1851 Australian gold rushes, Oceania. Gold finds in New South Wales and Victoria draw hundreds of thousands of migrants and more than double Australia's colonial population within a decade.
• 1853 Perry's black ships, East Asia. US Commodore Matthew Perry sails into Edo Bay and demands that Japan open its ports, which it does in 1854.
• 1857 Indian Rebellion, South Asia. Sepoys at Meerut mutiny and march on Delhi, setting off a revolt across north India. After its defeat the Crown takes over from the East India Company.
• 1861 American Civil War begins, North America. Confederate guns fire on Fort Sumter. Four years of war end slavery in the United States through the Thirteenth Amendment of 1865.
• 1864 Paraguayan War begins, South America. Paraguay fights Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay until 1870, the deadliest interstate war in Latin American history.
• 1865 Russia captures Tashkent, Central and North Asia. General Mikhail Chernyayev storms Tashkent, the largest city of Central Asia, starting Russia's conquest of the khanates.
• 1867 Canadian Confederation and Alaska Purchase, North America. Four British colonies unite as the Dominion of Canada on 1 July, and the United States buys Alaska from Russia in the same year.
• 1868 Meiji Restoration, East Asia. Samurai from Satsuma and Choshu overthrow the shogunate and restore power to the young emperor Meiji, launching a rapid modernization.
• 1869 Suez Canal opens, North and West Africa. The canal linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea opens under Khedive Ismail, cutting the sea route from Europe to India by thousands of kilometres.
• 1871 Unification of Germany, Europe. After victory over France, Wilhelm I of Prussia is proclaimed German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.
• 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn, North America. Lakota and Cheyenne warriors under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse wipe out Custer's command in Montana, the high point of plains resistance.
• 1879 Battle of Isandlwana, Central and Southern Africa. A Zulu army destroys a British column at Isandlwana, the worst defeat of a British force by an African army, though Britain wins the war within months.
• 1879 War of the Pacific, South America. Chile defeats Peru and Bolivia over the nitrate deserts of Atacama. Bolivia loses its coast, and Peru loses Tarapacá.
• 1883 Krakatoa erupts, Southeast Asia. The explosion of Krakatoa in the Sunda Strait and its tsunamis kill over 36,000 people, and the blast is heard nearly 5,000 km away.
• 1884 Berlin Conference, North and West Africa. European powers meet in Berlin to set rules for claiming African territory, accelerating the Scramble for Africa that left only Ethiopia and Liberia independent.
• 1885 Berlin Conference ends, Central and Southern Africa. European powers meeting in Berlin set rules for claiming African territory and recognise Leopold II's Congo Free State, accelerating the Scramble for Africa.
• 1886 Witwatersrand gold rush, Central and Southern Africa. Gold is found on the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg grows almost overnight, and the Transvaal becomes the world's leading gold producer.
• 1888 Brazil abolishes slavery, South America. Princess Isabel signs the Golden Law, freeing about 700,000 enslaved people. Brazil is the last country in the Americas to end slavery.
• 1893 Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Oceania. American businessmen backed by US Marines depose Queen Liliuokalani, leading to annexation by the United States in 1898.
• 1893 Women's suffrage in New Zealand, Oceania. New Zealand becomes the first self-governing country to give all adult women the vote, after petitions led by Kate Sheppard.
• 1896 Rinderpest sweeps southern Africa, Central and Southern Africa. A rinderpest epidemic moving south from the Horn of Africa kills around 90 percent of cattle in places, bringing famine to herding peoples.
• 1896 Battle of Adwa, North and West Africa. Emperor Menelik II's army defeats an Italian invasion force, securing Ethiopia's independence through the colonial era.
• 1896 Philippine Revolution, Southeast Asia. The Katipunan secret society launches a revolt against Spain, and the execution of the writer Jose Rizal in December hardens the rebellion.
• 1899 Second Boer War begins, Central and Southern Africa. War between Britain and the Boer republics leads to scorched-earth tactics and concentration camps where about 26,000 Boer women and children and many Black Africans die.

Central and Southern Africa

• Kingdom of Kongo c. 1390 to 1914 CE
• Zulu Kingdom 1816 to 1897 CE
• Congo Free State 1885 to 1908 CE
• Central African forest foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• San hunter-gatherers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Khoekhoe herders c. 100 BCE to 1904 CE
• Kingdom of Buganda c. 1300 to 1966 CE
• Bunyoro-Kitara c. 1400 to 1899 CE
• Portuguese Mozambique 1505 to 1975 CE
• Portuguese Angola 1575 to 1975 CE
• Luba Empire c. 1585 to 1889 CE
• Kingdom of Imerina c. 1540 to 1817 CE
• Lunda Empire c. 1665 to 1887 CE
• Rozvi Empire c. 1660 to 1866 CE
• Omani East Africa 1698 to 1856 CE
• Dutch Cape Colony 1652 to 1806 CE
• Sultanate of Zanzibar 1856 to 1964 CE
• British Cape Colony 1806 to 1910 CE
• Merina Kingdom of Madagascar 1817 to 1897 CE
• Ndebele Kingdom (Mthwakazi) 1823 to 1894 CE
• British Kenya 1895 to 1963 CE
• French Madagascar 1896 to 1960 CE
• South African Republic (Transvaal) 1852 to 1902 CE
• German East Africa 1885 to 1919 CE
• German South West Africa 1884 to 1915 CE
• East African hunter-gatherers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Sotho-Tswana chiefdoms c. 1300 to 1830 CE
• Nguni chiefdoms c. 1300 to 1820 CE
• Kingdom of Nkore (Ankole) c. 1450 to 1967 CE
• Kingdom of Rwanda c. 1500 to 1961 CE
• Kingdom of Karagwe c. 1450 to 1890 CE
• Maasai pastoralists c. 1600 CE to the present
• Comorian sultanates c. 1500 to 1912 CE
• Tio Kingdom (Anziku) c. 1500 to 1880 CE
• Kingdom of Loango c. 1550 to 1883 CE
• Xhosa chiefdoms c. 1550 to 1879 CE
• Ovambo kingdoms c. 1600 to 1917 CE
• Herero pastoralists c. 1600 to 1904 CE
• Ovimbundu kingdoms c. 1600 to 1902 CE
• Kingdom of Kasanje c. 1620 to 1910 CE
• Kingdom of Burundi c. 1680 to 1966 CE
• Kuba Kingdom c. 1625 to 1900 CE
• Lozi Kingdom (Barotseland) c. 1700 to 1964 CE
• Pedi Kingdom c. 1650 to 1879 CE
• Sakalava kingdoms c. 1650 to 1840 CE
• Kingdom of Kazembe c. 1740 to 1899 CE
• Swazi Kingdom c. 1745 to 1903 CE
• British Mauritius 1810 to 1968 CE
• Betsimisaraka Confederation c. 1712 to 1817 CE
• Basutoland 1868 to 1966 CE
• Isle de France (French Mauritius) 1715 to 1810 CE
• Bechuanaland Protectorate 1885 to 1966 CE
• Nyasaland 1891 to 1964 CE
• Gaza Empire c. 1824 to 1895 CE
• Uganda Protectorate 1894 to 1962 CE
• Colony of Natal 1843 to 1910 CE
• Orange Free State 1854 to 1902 CE
• Basotho Kingdom c. 1822 to 1868 CE
• Yeke Kingdom (Garanganze) c. 1856 to 1891 CE
• Company Rhodesia 1890 to 1923 CE
• French Congo 1880 to 1910 CE
• Natalia Republic 1839 to 1843 CE

North and West Africa

• Ethiopian Empire (Solomonic dynasty) 1270 to 1974 CE
• Kingdom of Benin c. 1180 to 1897 CE
• Bornu Empire c. 1387 to 1893 CE
• Oyo Empire c. 1400 to 1836 CE
• Funj Sultanate of Sennar 1504 to 1821 CE
• Regency of Algiers 1516 to 1830 CE
• Alaouite Sultanate of Morocco 1666 to 1912 CE
• Ashanti Empire 1701 to 1901 CE
• French Algeria 1830 to 1962 CE
• Muhammad Ali dynasty (Khedivate) 1805 to 1914 CE
• Sokoto Caliphate 1804 to 1903 CE
• French West Africa 1895 to 1960 CE
• Amazigh (Berber) tribes c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Cushitic-speaking pastoralists c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Medjay, Blemmyes and Beja nomads c. 2300 BCE to the present
• Sahelian cereal farmers c. 1500 BCE to the present
• West African yam and oil palm farmers c. 1500 BCE to the present
• Chadic-speaking farmers c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Coptic Christians c. 300 CE to the present
• Saharan camel nomads (Sanhaja and Tuareg) c. 300 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Nri c. 900 to 1911 CE
• Hausa city-states c. 1000 to 1808 CE
• Arab tribes of Sudan c. 1300 CE to the present
• Portuguese Cape Verde 1462 to 1975 CE
• Oromo Gadaa confederations c. 1522 CE to the present
• Sultanate of Agadez c. 1449 to 1906 CE
• Mossi kingdoms c. 1450 to 1896 CE
• Sultanate of Bagirmi 1522 to 1897 CE
• Shilluk Kingdom c. 1490 to 1861 CE
• Ottoman Tripolitania 1551 to 1911 CE
• Ottoman Egypt 1517 to 1867 CE
• Kaabu 1537 to 1867 CE
• Kingdom of Cayor 1549 to 1879 CE
• Sultanate of Darfur c. 1603 to 1916 CE
• Dendi Kingdom 1591 to 1901 CE
• Regency of Tunis 1574 to 1881 CE
• Kingdom of Dahomey c. 1600 to 1904 CE
• French Senegal 1659 to 1960 CE
• Wadai Sultanate 1635 to 1912 CE
• Dutch Gold Coast 1612 to 1872 CE
• Pashalik of Timbuktu 1591 to 1833 CE
• Emirate of Harar 1647 to 1887 CE
• Geledi Sultanate c. 1700 to 1910 CE
• Kong Empire 1710 to 1898 CE
• Liberia 1847 CE to the present
• Majeerteen Sultanate c. 1750 to 1927 CE
• Imamate of Futa Jallon 1725 to 1896 CE
• Sierra Leone Colony 1808 to 1961 CE
• Bambara Empire of Ségou 1712 to 1861 CE
• Kingdom of Jimma c. 1790 to 1932 CE
• British Gold Coast 1821 to 1957 CE
• Portuguese Guinea 1879 to 1974 CE
• French Somaliland 1883 to 1977 CE
• Spanish Sahara 1884 to 1976 CE
• Imamate of Futa Toro 1776 to 1861 CE
• British Somaliland 1884 to 1960 CE
• French protectorate of Tunisia 1881 to 1956 CE
• Italian Somaliland 1889 to 1960 CE
• Turco-Egyptian Sudan 1821 to 1885 CE
• French Chad 1900 to 1960 CE
• Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1899 to 1956 CE
• Italian Eritrea 1890 to 1941 CE
• Lagos Colony 1861 to 1906 CE
• Massina Empire 1818 to 1862 CE
• British occupation of Egypt 1882 to 1922 CE
• Toucouleur Empire 1861 to 1893 CE
• German Kamerun (north) 1884 to 1916 CE
• German Togoland 1884 to 1916 CE
• Dervish State 1896 to 1920 CE
• Wassoulou Empire 1878 to 1898 CE
• Emirate of Abdelkader 1832 to 1847 CE
• Mahdist State 1885 to 1899 CE
• Northern Nigeria Protectorate 1900 to 1914 CE
• Rabih az-Zubayr's state 1893 to 1900 CE
• French occupation of Egypt 1798 to 1801 CE

Europe

• Holy Roman Empire 962 to 1806 CE
• Ottoman Empire 1299 to 1922 CE
• Portuguese Empire 1415 to 1999 CE
• Habsburg Monarchy 1526 to 1804 CE
• United Kingdom 1801 CE to the present
• Russian Empire 1721 to 1917 CE
• German Empire 1871 to 1918 CE
• First French Empire 1804 to 1815 CE
• Papal States 756 to 1870 CE
• Kingdom of Portugal 1139 to 1910 CE
• Kingdom of Bohemia 1198 to 1918 CE
• Kingdom of Naples 1282 to 1816 CE
• Kingdom of Sweden 1721 CE to the present
• Denmark-Norway 1523 to 1814 CE
• Kingdom of Prussia 1701 to 1918 CE
• Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont-Sardinia) 1720 to 1861 CE
• Kingdom of Spain (1814 to 1931) 1814 to 1931 CE
• Bourbon Spain 1700 to 1808 CE
• Kingdom of Greece 1832 to 1924 CE
• Romania (United Principalities and Kingdom) 1859 to 1947 CE
• Kingdom of Italy 1861 to 1946 CE
• French Third Republic 1870 to 1940 CE
• Austrian Empire 1804 to 1867 CE
• Austria-Hungary 1867 to 1918 CE
• Second French Empire 1852 to 1870 CE
• First French Republic 1792 to 1804 CE
• Sami people c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Basques (Vascones) c. 500 BCE to the present
• San Marino c. 301 CE to the present
• Andorra 1278 CE to the present
• Bavaria (Wittelsbach) 1180 to 1918 CE
• Monaco 1297 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Sicily (island) 1282 to 1816 CE
• Wallachia 1330 to 1859 CE
• Moldavia c. 1346 to 1859 CE
• Republic of Ragusa 1358 to 1808 CE
• Montenegro (Prince-Bishopric to Kingdom) 1516 to 1918 CE
• Duchy and Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1532 to 1859 CE
• British Gibraltar 1713 CE to the present
• Liechtenstein 1719 CE to the present
• Switzerland 1803 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Denmark 1814 CE to the present
• Luxembourg 1815 CE to the present
• Belgium 1830 CE to the present
• British Malta 1800 to 1964 CE
• Grand Duchy of Finland 1809 to 1917 CE
• Principality and Kingdom of Serbia 1815 to 1918 CE
• Union of Sweden and Norway 1814 to 1905 CE
• Principality and Tsardom of Bulgaria 1878 to 1946 CE
• German Confederation 1815 to 1866 CE
• Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1816 to 1861 CE
• July Monarchy 1830 to 1848 CE
• Bourbon Restoration 1815 to 1830 CE
• Batavian Republic 1795 to 1806 CE
• Duchy of Warsaw 1807 to 1815 CE
• Confederation of the Rhine 1806 to 1813 CE
• Second French Republic 1848 to 1852 CE

Middle East

• Ottoman Empire 1299 to 1922 CE
• Zaydi Imamate of Yemen 897 to 1918 CE
• Ottoman Syria and Palestine 1516 to 1918 CE
• Ottoman Iraq 1534 to 1918 CE
• Qajar dynasty 1789 to 1925 CE
• Russian Caucasus 1801 to 1917 CE
• Emirate of Diriyah 1727 to 1818 CE
• Arab Bedouin tribes c. 900 BCE to the present
• Kurdish tribes and emirates c. 640 CE to the present
• Sharifate of Mecca 967 to 1925 CE
• Kingdom of Imereti 1260 to 1810 CE
• Ottoman Hejaz and Yemen 1517 to 1918 CE
• Emirate of Mount Lebanon c. 1516 to 1842 CE
• Sheikhdom of Kuwait c. 1752 to 1961 CE
• Bahrain under the Al Khalifa 1783 to 1971 CE
• Trucial States 1820 to 1971 CE
• British Aden 1839 to 1967 CE
• Mamluk dynasty of Iraq 1704 to 1831 CE
• Sultanate of Muscat and Oman 1856 to 1970 CE
• Omani Empire (Al Bu Said) 1744 to 1856 CE
• Sheikhdom of Qatar 1868 to 1971 CE
• Emirate of Jabal Shammar 1836 to 1921 CE
• Emirate of Nejd 1824 to 1891 CE
• Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 1762 to 1801 CE
• Caucasian Imamate 1828 to 1859 CE

South Asia

• Mughal Empire 1526 to 1857 CE
• British Raj 1858 to 1947 CE
• Ahom Kingdom 1228 to 1826 CE
• Kingdom of Mysore c. 1399 to 1950 CE
• Kingdom of Kandy 1469 to 1815 CE
• Kingdom of Nepal 1768 to 2008 CE
• Hyderabad State 1724 to 1948 CE
• Maratha Confederacy 1674 to 1818 CE
• Company rule in India 1757 to 1858 CE
• Durrani Empire 1747 to 1823 CE
• Sikh Empire 1799 to 1849 CE
• Munda-speaking peoples c. 1500 BCE to the present
• Tibeto-Burman hill peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Vedda people c. 900 BCE to the present
• Kingdom of Mewar c. 728 to 1949 CE
• Pashtun tribes c. 1000 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Manipur c. 1110 to 1949 CE
• Kingdom of Marwar c. 1226 to 1949 CE
• Dimasa Kachari Kingdom c. 1250 to 1832 CE
• Twipra Kingdom c. 1400 to 1949 CE
• Portuguese Goa 1510 to 1961 CE
• Kingdom of Sikkim 1642 to 1975 CE
• Bhutan under the Zhabdrung 1616 to 1907 CE
• French India 1674 to 1954 CE
• Baroda State 1721 to 1949 CE
• Jaipur State 1727 to 1949 CE
• Travancore 1729 to 1949 CE
• Gwalior State 1731 to 1948 CE
• British Ceylon 1796 to 1948 CE
• Awadh 1722 to 1856 CE
• British Assam 1826 to 1947 CE
• Rana regime 1846 to 1951 CE
• Emirate of Afghanistan 1823 to 1926 CE
• Jammu and Kashmir princely state 1846 to 1947 CE
• Talpur dynasty 1783 to 1843 CE

Central and North Asia

• Kazakh Khanate 1465 to 1847 CE
• Russian Siberia 1582 to 1917 CE
• Qing rule in Mongolia 1691 to 1911 CE
• Qing Xinjiang 1759 to 1912 CE
• Russian Turkestan 1867 to 1917 CE
• Yukaghir peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Chukchi, Koryak and Itelmen peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Evenki and Even reindeer herders c. 500 CE to the present
• Khanty, Mansi and Samoyedic peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
• Buryats c. 1200 CE to the present
• Turkmen tribes c. 1100 to 1881 CE
• Sakha (Yakuts) c. 1250 CE to the present
• Khanate of Khiva 1511 to 1920 CE
• Russian Far East and Yakutia 1632 to 1917 CE
• Khanate of Kokand 1709 to 1876 CE
• Emirate of Bukhara 1785 to 1920 CE
• Russian Kazakh Steppe 1822 to 1917 CE
• Yettishar 1865 to 1877 CE

East Asia

• Qing dynasty 1636 to 1912 CE
• Empire of Japan 1868 to 1947 CE
• Joseon 1392 to 1897 CE
• Ganden Phodrang (Dalai Lama government) 1642 to 1951 CE
• Edo period (Tokugawa shogunate) 1603 to 1868 CE
• Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 1851 to 1864 CE
• Formosan Austronesian peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Qiang peoples c. 1300 BCE to the present
• Ainu c. 1200 CE to the present
• Ryukyu Kingdom 1429 to 1879 CE
• Portuguese Macau 1557 to 1999 CE
• Manchuria under the Qing 1644 to 1907 CE
• Han settlers of the Northeast c. 1860 CE to the present
• British Hong Kong 1841 to 1997 CE
• Japanese Taiwan 1895 to 1945 CE
• Korean Empire 1897 to 1910 CE
• Russian Kwantung and the Chinese Eastern Railway 1898 to 1905 CE

Southeast Asia

• Dutch East Indies 1800 to 1949 CE
• Champa c. 192 to 1832 CE
• Bruneian Sultanate c. 1368 to 1888 CE
• Sultanate of Sulu c. 1405 to 1915 CE
• Aceh Sultanate 1496 to 1903 CE
• Spanish Philippines 1565 to 1898 CE
• Johor Sultanate 1528 to 1824 CE
• Rattanakosin Kingdom (Siam) 1782 to 1932 CE
• Nguyen dynasty 1802 to 1945 CE
• Konbaung dynasty 1752 to 1885 CE
• British Burma 1826 to 1948 CE
• British Malaya 1874 to 1948 CE
• French Indochina 1887 to 1954 CE
• American Philippines 1898 to 1946 CE
• Philippine Negrito foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Orang Asli (Semang and Senoi) c. 2000 BCE to the present
• Dayak peoples of Borneo c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Shan States c. 1250 to 1959 CE
• Balinese kingdoms 1343 to 1908 CE
• Pagaruyung Kingdom 1347 to 1833 CE
• Ternate and Tidore sultanates c. 1450 to 1914 CE
• Pattani Sultanate c. 1457 to 1902 CE
• Post-Angkor Cambodia 1431 to 1863 CE
• Sultanate of Maguindanao c. 1520 to 1905 CE
• Banten Sultanate 1527 to 1813 CE
• Portuguese Timor 1702 to 1975 CE
• Surakarta and Yogyakarta 1755 to 1950 CE
• Kingdom of Champasak 1713 to 1904 CE
• Kingdom of Luang Phrabang 1707 to 1893 CE
• Dutch Malacca 1641 to 1824 CE
• Kingdom of Vientiane 1707 to 1828 CE
• Straits Settlements 1826 to 1946 CE
• Raj of Sarawak 1841 to 1946 CE
• French Cambodia 1863 to 1953 CE
• British North Borneo 1882 to 1963 CE
• French Laos 1893 to 1953 CE
• Tay Son dynasty 1778 to 1802 CE
• First Philippine Republic 1899 to 1901 CE

North America

• United States 1776 CE to the present
• Pacific Northwest peoples c. 500 CE to the present
• Pueblo peoples (Hopi, Zuni, Rio Grande) c. 1300 CE to the present
• Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) c. 1450 CE to the present
• Navajo (Diné) c. 1500 CE to the present
• Inuit peoples c. 1600 CE to the present
• Lakota (Teton Sioux) c. 1700 CE to the present
• Rupert's Land (Hudson's Bay Company) 1670 to 1870 CE
• Comanche empire (Comancheria) c. 1706 to 1875 CE
• Dominion of Canada 1867 to 1982 CE
• British North America 1763 to 1867 CE
• Russian America 1799 to 1867 CE
• Confederate States of America 1861 to 1865 CE
• Unangan (Aleut) peoples c. 2500 BCE to the present
• Dene (Northern Athabaskan) peoples c. 500 BCE to the present
• Chumash c. 500 CE to the present
• California peoples (Ohlone, Miwok, Pomo, Tongva) c. 500 CE to the present
• Caddo confederacies c. 800 to 1859 CE
• Cree peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
• Numic peoples (Shoshone, Paiute, Ute) c. 1000 CE to the present
• Beothuk c. 1000 to 1829 CE
• Apache peoples c. 1400 CE to the present
• Wichita peoples (Quivira) c. 1450 CE to the present
• O'odham peoples c. 1450 CE to the present
• Mandan and Hidatsa villages c. 1300 to 1837 CE
• Blackfoot Confederacy c. 1600 CE to the present
• Danish Greenland 1721 to 1979 CE
• Spanish Florida 1565 to 1821 CE
• Santa Fe de Nuevo México 1598 to 1821 CE
• Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy c. 1650 to 1836 CE
• Spanish Texas 1690 to 1821 CE
• Cherokee Nation 1794 to 1907 CE
• Red River Colony 1812 to 1870 CE
• Alta California 1769 to 1821 CE
• Upper Canada 1791 to 1841 CE
• Lower Canada 1791 to 1841 CE
• Spanish Louisiana 1762 to 1801 CE
• Oregon Country 1818 to 1846 CE
• Mexican New Mexico 1821 to 1848 CE
• Mexican California 1821 to 1848 CE
• Province of Canada 1841 to 1867 CE
• Mexican Texas 1821 to 1836 CE
• Colony of British Columbia 1858 to 1871 CE
• Republic of Texas 1836 to 1845 CE
• Tecumseh's Confederacy 1808 to 1813 CE

Mesoamerica and Caribbean

• New Spain 1521 to 1821 CE
• Haiti 1804 CE to the present
• Spanish Cuba 1511 to 1898 CE
• British West Indies 1624 to 1983 CE
• Captaincy General of Santo Domingo 1493 to 1821 CE
• Colony of Jamaica 1655 to 1962 CE
• Captaincy General of Guatemala 1543 to 1821 CE
• Mexico 1823 CE to the present
• Saint-Domingue 1697 to 1804 CE
• Federal Republic of Central America 1823 to 1841 CE
• Yaqui, Mayo and Raramuri peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
• Island Caribs (Kalinago) c. 1200 CE to the present
• Zapotec, Mixtec and Mixe peoples c. 1521 CE to the present
• Maya peoples (colonial and modern) c. 1524 CE to the present
• Dutch Caribbean 1634 CE to the present
• Spanish Puerto Rico 1508 to 1898 CE
• Spanish Panama (Castilla de Oro) 1510 to 1821 CE
• French Antilles 1635 to 1946 CE
• Nueva Vizcaya 1562 to 1821 CE
• Mosquito Kingdom c. 1638 to 1894 CE
• Danish West Indies 1672 to 1917 CE
• Baymen settlement of Belize c. 1650 to 1862 CE
• Honduras 1838 CE to the present
• Nicaragua 1838 CE to the present
• Costa Rica 1838 CE to the present
• Guatemala 1839 CE to the present
• El Salvador 1841 CE to the present
• Dominican Republic 1844 CE to the present
• Puerto Rico (US territory) 1898 CE to the present
• British Honduras 1862 to 1981 CE
• Chan Santa Cruz 1850 to 1901 CE
• Kingdom of Haiti 1811 to 1820 CE
• Republic of Yucatán 1841 to 1848 CE
• Second Mexican Empire 1864 to 1867 CE
• First Mexican Empire 1821 to 1823 CE

South America

• Portuguese Brazil 1500 to 1815 CE
• Viceroyalty of Peru 1542 to 1824 CE
• Tupi-Guarani peoples c. 500 CE to the present
• Mapuche c. 1000 CE to the present
• Peru 1821 CE to the present
• Colombia 1831 CE to the present
• Argentina 1861 CE to the present
• Brazil 1889 CE to the present
• Viceroyalty of New Granada 1717 to 1819 CE
• Empire of Brazil 1822 to 1889 CE
• Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 1776 to 1814 CE
• Gran Colombia 1819 to 1831 CE
• Fuegian canoe peoples (Yaghan, Kawésqar) c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Jê peoples c. 1 CE to the present
• Patagonian peoples (Tehuelche, Selk'nam) c. 1 CE to the present
• Arawakan peoples of the Amazon c. 1000 CE to the present
• Carib peoples of the Guianas c. 1000 CE to the present
• Guaraní c. 1000 CE to the present
• Charrúa c. 1000 to 1831 CE
• Quechua and Aymara peoples c. 1533 CE to the present
• French Guiana 1664 CE to the present
• Dutch Suriname 1667 to 1975 CE
• Araucanía (independent Mapuche lands) 1598 to 1883 CE
• Captaincy General of Chile 1541 to 1818 CE
• Charcas (Upper Peru) 1559 to 1825 CE
• Real Audiencia of Quito 1563 to 1822 CE
• Paraguay 1811 CE to the present
• Chile 1818 CE to the present
• State of Maranhão and Grão-Pará 1621 to 1823 CE
• Bolivia 1825 CE to the present
• Dutch Essequibo, Berbice and Demerara 1616 to 1814 CE
• Uruguay 1828 CE to the present
• Venezuela 1830 CE to the present
• Ecuador 1830 CE to the present
• Falkland Islands 1833 CE to the present
• British Guiana 1814 to 1966 CE
• Captaincy General of Venezuela 1777 to 1823 CE
• Argentine Confederation 1831 to 1861 CE
• United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 1810 to 1831 CE
• Cisplatina 1817 to 1828 CE
• Riograndense Republic 1836 to 1845 CE
• United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves 1815 to 1822 CE
• Peru-Bolivian Confederation 1836 to 1839 CE

Oceania

• Aboriginal Australian peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Māori iwi c. 1500 CE to the present
• Papuan farmers and foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Tu'i Tonga Empire c. 950 to 1865 CE
• Colony of New South Wales 1788 to 1901 CE
• Kingdom of Hawaii 1795 to 1893 CE
• Colony of New Zealand 1841 to 1907 CE
• German New Guinea 1884 to 1914 CE
• Tasmanian Aboriginal peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Torres Strait Islanders c. 500 BCE to the present
• Island Melanesian societies c. 500 BCE to the present
• Fijian chiefdoms c. 500 BCE to 1874 CE
• Eastern Micronesian islanders c. 100 BCE to the present
• Samoan chiefdoms c. 1000 to 1900 CE
• Rapa Nui society c. 1200 to 1888 CE
• Moriori c. 1500 to 1835 CE
• Nahnmwarki chiefdoms of Pohnpei c. 1628 to 1887 CE
• Spanish Marianas 1668 to 1898 CE
• Macassan trepangers c. 1720 to 1907 CE
• French Polynesia 1842 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Tonga 1845 CE to the present
• French New Caledonia 1853 CE to the present
• Kīngitanga (Māori King Movement) 1858 CE to the present
• Chilean Rapa Nui 1888 CE to the present
• Dutch New Guinea 1828 to 1962 CE
• Guam (US territory) 1898 CE to the present
• American Samoa 1900 CE to the present
• Colony of Fiji 1874 to 1970 CE
• Kingdom of Tahiti c. 1788 to 1880 CE
• Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1892 to 1979 CE
• British Solomon Islands Protectorate 1893 to 1978 CE
• Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) 1825 to 1901 CE
• Western Australia (Swan River Colony) 1829 to 1901 CE
• Colony of South Australia 1836 to 1901 CE
• British New Guinea and Territory of Papua 1884 to 1949 CE
• Territory of Hawaii 1898 to 1959 CE
• Colony of Victoria 1851 to 1901 CE
• Colony of Queensland 1859 to 1901 CE
• German Samoa 1900 to 1914 CE
• United Tribes of New Zealand 1835 to 1840 CE
• Republic of Hawaii 1894 to 1898 CE