The world in the 20th century

In the 20th century (1901 to 2000 CE), the timeline shows 531 states, empires and colonies and 75 peoples across 12 regions. The most significant include Ethiopian Empire (Solomonic dynasty), Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Empire, Portuguese Empire and Kingdom of Kongo.

Previous: 19th century Next: 21st century

Events

• 1901 Federation of Australia, Oceania. The six Australian colonies unite as the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901.
• 1904 Herero and Nama genocide, Central and Southern Africa. German forces under Lothar von Trotha crush the Herero and Nama risings, driving survivors into the Omaheke desert and into concentration camps.
• 1905 Maji Maji rebellion, Central and Southern Africa. Peoples of southern German East Africa rise against forced cotton growing. German scorched-earth reprisals cause famine that kills well over 100,000 people.
• 1908 Oil struck at Masjed Soleyman, Middle East. William Knox D'Arcy's drillers find oil in southwest Iran, the first big strike in the Middle East. The Anglo-Persian Oil Company, later BP, is founded in 1909.
• 1908 Tunguska explosion, Central and North Asia. An exploding meteor flattens about 80 million trees over 2,000 square kilometers of Siberian forest near the Podkamennaya Tunguska river.
• 1910 Mexican Revolution, Mesoamerica and Caribbean. A revolt against Porfirio Díaz turns into a decade of civil war that kills about a million people and produces the Constitution of 1917.
• 1911 Xinhai Revolution, East Asia. An army mutiny at Wuchang spreads across the provinces, and the last Qing emperor Puyi abdicates in February 1912.
• 1914 First World War begins, Europe. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo sets off a war that kills about 17 million people and destroys four empires.
• 1914 Panama Canal opens, Mesoamerica and Caribbean. The US-built canal links the Atlantic and Pacific after ten years of work, cutting about 13,000 km off the voyage from New York to San Francisco.
• 1915 Armenian genocide, Middle East. The Ottoman government deports and massacres its Armenian population. Between 600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians die.
• 1916 Arab Revolt and Sykes-Picot, Middle East. Sharif Hussein of Mecca rises against the Ottomans, while Britain and France secretly agree to divide the Arab provinces between them.
• 1917 Russian Revolution, Europe. The tsar abdicates in March, and in November the Bolsheviks under Lenin seize power in Petrograd.
• 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre, South Asia. British troops under General Dyer fire on an unarmed crowd at Amritsar, killing hundreds and turning many moderates toward the independence movement.
• 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, Middle East. The Allies recognise the Republic of Turkey within its present borders, and a population exchange uproots over a million Greeks and Turks.
• 1930 Gandhi's Salt March, South Asia. Gandhi walks 390 km to Dandi on the Gujarat coast to make salt in defiance of the British salt tax, starting a mass civil disobedience campaign.
• 1931 Kazakh famine, Central and North Asia. Forced collectivization and the seizure of livestock kill about 1.5 million Kazakhs between 1930 and 1933, perhaps 40 percent of the nation.
• 1937 War with Japan and the Nanjing massacre, East Asia. Fighting at the Marco Polo Bridge becomes full-scale war. Japanese troops take Nanjing in December and kill tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of civilians and prisoners.
• 1939 Second World War begins, Europe. Germany invades Poland on 1 September. The war in Europe kills tens of millions, including six million Jews murdered in the Holocaust, before Germany surrenders in May 1945.
• 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor, Oceania. Japanese carrier aircraft strike the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor on 7 December, bringing the United States into the Second World War.
• 1942 Fall of Singapore, Southeast Asia. About 80,000 British, Indian and Australian troops surrender to Japan, and Japanese forces occupy all of Southeast Asia within months.
• 1942 Guadalcanal campaign, Oceania. US forces land on Guadalcanal in August and, after six months of fighting on land and sea, force Japan into its first major retreat of the Pacific War.
• 1945 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, East Asia. US atomic bombs destroy two Japanese cities in August, killing over 100,000 people, and Japan surrenders days later.
• 1945 Indonesia declares independence, Southeast Asia. Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta proclaim independence in Jakarta on 17 August, starting a four-year war against the returning Dutch.
• 1946 Nuclear tests at Bikini, Oceania. The United States begins nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll, moving its people away. Testing in the Marshalls continues until 1958.
• 1947 Independence and partition, South Asia. British India splits into India and Pakistan. Around 15 million people cross the new borders and between several hundred thousand and two million die in communal violence.
• 1948 Apartheid becomes law, Central and Southern Africa. The National Party wins the South African election and begins passing laws for racial classification, segregated areas and separate institutions.
• 1948 Founding of Israel and the Nakba, Middle East. Israel declares independence as Britain leaves Palestine. Arab states invade, and about 700,000 Palestinians flee or are expelled from their homes.
• 1949 People's Republic proclaimed, East Asia. Mao Zedong declares the People's Republic from Tiananmen on 1 October, and the Nationalist government retreats to Taiwan.
• 1950 Korean War, East Asia. North Korea invades the south. UN forces led by the United States and Chinese armies fight to a stalemate, and the 1953 armistice leaves Korea divided.
• 1954 Algerian War begins, North and West Africa. The FLN launches coordinated attacks on 1 November. Eight years of war and terror end with Algerian independence in 1962.
• 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu, Southeast Asia. The Viet Minh under Vo Nguyen Giap besiege and capture the French base at Dien Bien Phu, ending French rule in Indochina.
• 1956 Suez Crisis, North and West Africa. Nasser nationalises the Suez Canal, and Britain, France and Israel invade. American and Soviet pressure forces them out, a blow to European imperial power.
• 1957 Ghana wins independence, North and West Africa. Kwame Nkrumah leads the Gold Coast to independence as Ghana, the first sub-Saharan colony to break free and a model for the rest of Africa.
• 1957 Treaty of Rome, Europe. France, West Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries found the European Economic Community, forerunner of the European Union.
• 1957 Sputnik launched from Baikonur, Central and North Asia. The Soviet Union launches the first artificial satellite from the Kazakh steppe, and in 1961 Yuri Gagarin's flight leaves from the same cosmodrome.
• 1959 Tibetan uprising, East Asia. A revolt in Lhasa is crushed by the People's Liberation Army, and the 14th Dalai Lama escapes to India, where he sets up a government in exile.
• 1959 Cuban Revolution, Mesoamerica and Caribbean. Fidel Castro's guerrillas take Havana after Batista flees. Within two years Cuba is a socialist state allied with the Soviet Union.
• 1960 Congo independence and crisis, Central and Southern Africa. Congo becomes independent on 30 June. Within weeks the army mutinies, Katanga secedes and UN troops arrive, a defining crisis of the Cold War in Africa.
• 1960 Year of Africa, North and West Africa. Seventeen African countries win independence in a single year, including Nigeria, Mali, Senegal, Niger, Chad and Somalia.
• 1960 The Aral Sea begins to shrink, Central and North Asia. Soviet cotton irrigation diverts the Amu Darya and Syr Darya, and within fifty years the fourth-largest lake in the world loses most of its area.
• 1960 Brasília inaugurated, South America. Brazil moves its capital to a planned city built in under four years on the central plateau, designed by Lúcio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer.
• 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, Mesoamerica and Caribbean. A standoff over Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba brings the United States and the Soviet Union close to nuclear war for thirteen days in October.
• 1967 ASEAN founded, Southeast Asia. Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand sign the Bangkok Declaration, founding the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
• 1969 Apollo 11 lands on the Moon, North America. NASA astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin become the first people to walk on the Moon.
• 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, South Asia. After a brutal Pakistani army crackdown in East Pakistan, Bengali guerrillas and the Indian army win independence for Bangladesh in December.
• 1973 Coup in Chile, South America. The armed forces overthrow President Salvador Allende, who dies in the presidential palace. Augusto Pinochet rules until 1990.
• 1975 Fall of Saigon and Phnom Penh, Southeast Asia. The Khmer Rouge take Phnom Penh on 17 April and North Vietnamese tanks enter Saigon on 30 April, ending the Indochina wars.
• 1978 Reform and opening, East Asia. Deng Xiaoping's leadership begins decollectivizing farms and opening China to foreign investment, starting four decades of rapid growth.
• 1979 Iranian Revolution, Middle East. Mass protests drive out the shah and Ayatollah Khomeini founds an Islamic Republic. Students seize the US embassy in Tehran that November.
• 1979 Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, South Asia. Soviet troops enter Afghanistan to prop up the communist government, starting a nine-year war that drove millions of refugees into Pakistan and Iran.
• 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall, Europe. East German border guards open the Wall on 9 November as communist regimes fall across eastern Europe.
• 1991 Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Europe. After a failed coup in August the Soviet republics declare independence, and the USSR is formally dissolved on 26 December.
• 1991 Gulf War, Middle East. A US-led coalition expels Iraqi forces from Kuwait after a six-week air campaign and a 100-hour ground war.
• 1991 Central Asian republics become independent, Central and North Asia. As the Soviet Union dissolves, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan become sovereign states for the first time.
• 1992 Mabo decision, Oceania. Australia's High Court rules in favour of Eddie Mabo and the Meriam people, recognising native title and rejecting terra nullius.
• 1994 Rwandan genocide, Central and Southern Africa. Over about a hundred days, Hutu extremists kill around 800,000 Tutsi and moderate Hutu while the world fails to intervene.
• 1994 Mandela elected president, Central and Southern Africa. South Africa holds its first election open to all races, and Nelson Mandela becomes president after 27 years in prison and four years of negotiations.
• 1998 India and Pakistan test nuclear weapons, South Asia. India's tests at Pokhran in May are answered within weeks by Pakistan's tests in the Chagai hills.
• 1999 Nunavut created, North America. Canada splits the Northwest Territories to create Nunavut, a territory of about 2 million square km with an Inuit majority.

Central and Southern Africa

• Kingdom of Kongo c. 1390 to 1914 CE
• Republic of South Africa (apartheid era) 1961 to 1994 CE
• South Africa 1994 CE to the present
• Congo Free State 1885 to 1908 CE
• Central African forest foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• San hunter-gatherers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Khoekhoe herders c. 100 BCE to 1904 CE
• Kingdom of Buganda c. 1300 to 1966 CE
• Portuguese Mozambique 1505 to 1975 CE
• Portuguese Angola 1575 to 1975 CE
• Sultanate of Zanzibar 1856 to 1964 CE
• British Cape Colony 1806 to 1910 CE
• British Kenya 1895 to 1963 CE
• Madagascar 1960 CE to the present
• Tanzania 1961 CE to the present
• French Madagascar 1896 to 1960 CE
• Uganda 1962 CE to the present
• Rwanda 1962 CE to the present
• Kenya 1963 CE to the present
• Belgian Congo 1908 to 1960 CE
• Union of South Africa 1910 to 1961 CE
• Angola 1975 CE to the present
• French Equatorial Africa 1910 to 1960 CE
• Mozambique 1975 CE to the present
• South African Republic (Transvaal) 1852 to 1902 CE
• Zimbabwe 1980 CE to the present
• German East Africa 1885 to 1919 CE
• German South West Africa 1884 to 1915 CE
• Democratic Republic of the Congo 1997 CE to the present
• Zaire 1971 to 1997 CE
• East African hunter-gatherers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Kingdom of Nkore (Ankole) c. 1450 to 1967 CE
• Kingdom of Rwanda c. 1500 to 1961 CE
• Maasai pastoralists c. 1600 CE to the present
• Comorian sultanates c. 1500 to 1912 CE
• Ovambo kingdoms c. 1600 to 1917 CE
• Herero pastoralists c. 1600 to 1904 CE
• Ovimbundu kingdoms c. 1600 to 1902 CE
• Kingdom of Kasanje c. 1620 to 1910 CE
• Kingdom of Burundi c. 1680 to 1966 CE
• Lozi Kingdom (Barotseland) c. 1700 to 1964 CE
• Swazi Kingdom c. 1745 to 1903 CE
• British Mauritius 1810 to 1968 CE
• Basutoland 1868 to 1966 CE
• Bechuanaland Protectorate 1885 to 1966 CE
• South West Africa 1915 to 1990 CE
• Nyasaland 1891 to 1964 CE
• Uganda Protectorate 1894 to 1962 CE
• Colony of Natal 1843 to 1910 CE
• Republic of the Congo 1960 CE to the present
• Gabon 1960 CE to the present
• Central African Republic 1960 CE to the present
• British Swaziland 1903 to 1968 CE
• Zambia 1964 CE to the present
• Malawi 1964 CE to the present
• Burundi 1966 CE to the present
• Lesotho 1966 CE to the present
• Botswana 1966 CE to the present
• Equatorial Guinea 1968 CE to the present
• Eswatini 1968 CE to the present
• Mauritius 1968 CE to the present
• São Tomé and Príncipe 1975 CE to the present
• Comoros 1975 CE to the present
• Seychelles 1976 CE to the present
• Orange Free State 1854 to 1902 CE
• Ruanda-Urundi 1916 to 1962 CE
• Tanganyika Territory 1919 to 1961 CE
• Southern Rhodesia 1923 to 1965 CE
• Northern Rhodesia 1924 to 1964 CE
• Namibia 1990 CE to the present
• Company Rhodesia 1890 to 1923 CE
• French Congo 1880 to 1910 CE
• Rhodesia 1965 to 1979 CE
• Congo (Léopoldville) 1960 to 1971 CE
• State of Katanga 1960 to 1963 CE

North and West Africa

• Ethiopian Empire (Solomonic dynasty) 1270 to 1974 CE
• Alaouite Sultanate of Morocco 1666 to 1912 CE
• Ashanti Empire 1701 to 1901 CE
• French Algeria 1830 to 1962 CE
• Muhammad Ali dynasty (Khedivate) 1805 to 1914 CE
• Sokoto Caliphate 1804 to 1903 CE
• Egypt 1953 CE to the present
• Morocco 1956 CE to the present
• Ghana 1957 CE to the present
• French West Africa 1895 to 1960 CE
• Nigeria 1960 CE to the present
• Algeria 1962 CE to the present
• British Nigeria 1914 to 1960 CE
• Ethiopia 1991 CE to the present
• Amazigh (Berber) tribes c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Cushitic-speaking pastoralists c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Medjay, Blemmyes and Beja nomads c. 2300 BCE to the present
• Sahelian cereal farmers c. 1500 BCE to the present
• West African yam and oil palm farmers c. 1500 BCE to the present
• Chadic-speaking farmers c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Coptic Christians c. 300 CE to the present
• Saharan camel nomads (Sanhaja and Tuareg) c. 300 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Nri c. 900 to 1911 CE
• Arab tribes of Sudan c. 1300 CE to the present
• Portuguese Cape Verde 1462 to 1975 CE
• Oromo Gadaa confederations c. 1522 CE to the present
• Sultanate of Agadez c. 1449 to 1906 CE
• Ottoman Tripolitania 1551 to 1911 CE
• Sultanate of Darfur c. 1603 to 1916 CE
• Dendi Kingdom 1591 to 1901 CE
• Kingdom of Dahomey c. 1600 to 1904 CE
• French Senegal 1659 to 1960 CE
• Wadai Sultanate 1635 to 1912 CE
• Geledi Sultanate c. 1700 to 1910 CE
• Liberia 1847 CE to the present
• Majeerteen Sultanate c. 1750 to 1927 CE
• Sierra Leone Colony 1808 to 1961 CE
• Kingdom of Jimma c. 1790 to 1932 CE
• British Gold Coast 1821 to 1957 CE
• Portuguese Guinea 1879 to 1974 CE
• French Somaliland 1883 to 1977 CE
• Spanish Sahara 1884 to 1976 CE
• British Somaliland 1884 to 1960 CE
• French protectorate of Tunisia 1881 to 1956 CE
• Italian Somaliland 1889 to 1960 CE
• Tunisia 1956 CE to the present
• Sudan 1956 CE to the present
• Guinea 1958 CE to the present
• Somalia 1960 CE to the present
• Mauritania 1960 CE to the present
• Mali 1960 CE to the present
• Niger 1960 CE to the present
• Burkina Faso 1960 CE to the present
• Chad 1960 CE to the present
• Senegal 1960 CE to the present
• Côte d'Ivoire 1960 CE to the present
• Benin 1960 CE to the present
• Togo 1960 CE to the present
• Sierra Leone 1961 CE to the present
• French Chad 1900 to 1960 CE
• The Gambia 1965 CE to the present
• Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1899 to 1956 CE
• Guinea-Bissau 1973 CE to the present
• Italian Eritrea 1890 to 1941 CE
• Cape Verde 1975 CE to the present
• Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1976 CE to the present
• Djibouti 1977 CE to the present
• Lagos Colony 1861 to 1906 CE
• French protectorate in Morocco 1912 to 1956 CE
• Spanish protectorate in Morocco 1912 to 1956 CE
• Libya under Gaddafi 1969 to 2011 CE
• British occupation of Egypt 1882 to 1922 CE
• Somaliland 1991 CE to the present
• Italian Libya 1911 to 1943 CE
• Eritrea 1993 CE to the present
• German Kamerun (north) 1884 to 1916 CE
• German Togoland 1884 to 1916 CE
• Kingdom of Egypt 1922 to 1953 CE
• Dervish State 1896 to 1920 CE
• Kingdom of Libya 1951 to 1969 CE
• Derg (People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia) 1974 to 1991 CE
• Northern Nigeria Protectorate 1900 to 1914 CE
• Sultanate of Egypt 1914 to 1922 CE
• Republic of the Rif 1921 to 1926 CE
• Italian East Africa 1936 to 1941 CE
• Republic of Biafra 1967 to 1970 CE

Europe

• Ottoman Empire 1299 to 1922 CE
• Portuguese Empire 1415 to 1999 CE
• United Kingdom 1801 CE to the present
• Russian Empire 1721 to 1917 CE
• Soviet Union 1922 to 1991 CE
• German Empire 1871 to 1918 CE
• Nazi Germany 1933 to 1945 CE
• Kingdom of Portugal 1139 to 1910 CE
• Kingdom of Bohemia 1198 to 1918 CE
• Kingdom of Sweden 1721 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Prussia 1701 to 1918 CE
• Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Spain (1814 to 1931) 1814 to 1931 CE
• Kingdom of Greece 1832 to 1924 CE
• Romania (United Principalities and Kingdom) 1859 to 1947 CE
• Kingdom of Italy 1861 to 1946 CE
• Italian Republic 1946 CE to the present
• French Third Republic 1870 to 1940 CE
• French Fifth Republic 1958 CE to the present
• Austria-Hungary 1867 to 1918 CE
• Kingdom of Spain 1975 CE to the present
• Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1945 to 1992 CE
• West Germany 1949 to 1990 CE
• Poland 1989 CE to the present
• Germany 1990 CE to the present
• Russian Federation 1991 CE to the present
• Ukraine 1991 CE to the present
• Fascist Italy 1922 to 1943 CE
• Weimar Republic 1918 to 1933 CE
• Sami people c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Basques (Vascones) c. 500 BCE to the present
• San Marino c. 301 CE to the present
• Andorra 1278 CE to the present
• Bavaria (Wittelsbach) 1180 to 1918 CE
• Monaco 1297 CE to the present
• Montenegro (Prince-Bishopric to Kingdom) 1516 to 1918 CE
• British Gibraltar 1713 CE to the present
• Liechtenstein 1719 CE to the present
• Switzerland 1803 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Denmark 1814 CE to the present
• Luxembourg 1815 CE to the present
• Belgium 1830 CE to the present
• British Malta 1800 to 1964 CE
• Kingdom of Norway 1905 CE to the present
• Albania 1912 CE to the present
• Grand Duchy of Finland 1809 to 1917 CE
• Republic of Finland 1917 CE to the present
• Iceland 1918 CE to the present
• Principality and Kingdom of Serbia 1815 to 1918 CE
• Vatican City 1929 CE to the present
• Union of Sweden and Norway 1814 to 1905 CE
• Ireland 1937 CE to the present
• Austria 1945 CE to the present
• Czechoslovakia 1918 to 1992 CE
• Principality and Tsardom of Bulgaria 1878 to 1946 CE
• Cyprus 1960 CE to the present
• Malta 1964 CE to the present
• Portugal 1974 CE to the present
• Greece 1974 CE to the present
• Estado Novo 1926 to 1974 CE
• People's Republic of Bulgaria 1946 to 1990 CE
• Polish People's Republic 1947 to 1989 CE
• Communist Romania 1947 to 1989 CE
• East Germany 1949 to 1990 CE
• Hungarian People's Republic 1949 to 1989 CE
• Kingdom of Greece (restored) 1935 to 1973 CE
• Hungary 1989 CE to the present
• Francoist Spain 1939 to 1975 CE
• Romania 1989 CE to the present
• Lithuania 1990 CE to the present
• Bulgaria 1990 CE to the present
• Estonia 1991 CE to the present
• Latvia 1991 CE to the present
• Belarus 1991 CE to the present
• Moldova 1991 CE to the present
• Croatia 1991 CE to the present
• Slovenia 1991 CE to the present
• North Macedonia 1991 CE to the present
• Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992 CE to the present
• Czech Republic 1993 CE to the present
• Slovakia 1993 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Hungary (1920 to 1946) 1920 to 1946 CE
• Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918 to 1941 CE
• Republic of Estonia (1918 to 1940) 1918 to 1940 CE
• Republic of Latvia (1918 to 1940) 1918 to 1940 CE
• Republic of Lithuania (1918 to 1940) 1918 to 1940 CE
• Second Polish Republic 1918 to 1939 CE
• First Austrian Republic 1918 to 1938 CE
• First Portuguese Republic 1910 to 1926 CE
• Irish Free State 1922 to 1937 CE
• Serbia and Montenegro 1992 to 2006 CE
• French Fourth Republic 1946 to 1958 CE
• Second Hellenic Republic 1924 to 1935 CE
• Second Spanish Republic 1931 to 1939 CE
• Russian Soviet Republic 1917 to 1922 CE
• Ukrainian People's Republic 1917 to 1921 CE
• Vichy France 1940 to 1944 CE

Middle East

• Ottoman Empire 1299 to 1922 CE
• Zaydi Imamate of Yemen 897 to 1918 CE
• Ottoman Syria and Palestine 1516 to 1918 CE
• Ottoman Iraq 1534 to 1918 CE
• Qajar dynasty 1789 to 1925 CE
• Russian Caucasus 1801 to 1917 CE
• Republic of Turkey 1923 CE to the present
• Saudi Arabia 1932 CE to the present
• Syria 1946 CE to the present
• Israel 1948 CE to the present
• Soviet Transcaucasia 1920 to 1991 CE
• Republic of Iraq 1958 CE to the present
• Pahlavi Iran 1925 to 1979 CE
• Islamic Republic of Iran 1979 CE to the present
• Mandatory Palestine 1920 to 1948 CE
• French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon 1920 to 1946 CE
• Arab Bedouin tribes c. 900 BCE to the present
• Kurdish tribes and emirates c. 640 CE to the present
• Sharifate of Mecca 967 to 1925 CE
• Ottoman Hejaz and Yemen 1517 to 1918 CE
• Sheikhdom of Kuwait c. 1752 to 1961 CE
• Bahrain under the Al Khalifa 1783 to 1971 CE
• Trucial States 1820 to 1971 CE
• British Aden 1839 to 1967 CE
• Sultanate of Muscat and Oman 1856 to 1970 CE
• Sheikhdom of Qatar 1868 to 1971 CE
• Emirate of Jabal Shammar 1836 to 1921 CE
• Lebanon 1943 CE to the present
• Jordan 1946 CE to the present
• Kuwait 1961 CE to the present
• Oman 1970 CE to the present
• Bahrain 1971 CE to the present
• Qatar 1971 CE to the present
• United Arab Emirates 1971 CE to the present
• Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen 1918 to 1962 CE
• Republic of Yemen 1990 CE to the present
• Georgia 1991 CE to the present
• Armenia 1991 CE to the present
• Azerbaijan 1991 CE to the present
• Kurdistan Region 1992 CE to the present
• Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (Artsakh) 1991 to 2023 CE
• State of Palestine 1994 CE to the present
• Emirate and Sultanate of Nejd 1902 to 1932 CE
• Yemen Arab Republic 1962 to 1990 CE
• Kingdom of Iraq 1932 to 1958 CE
• Emirate of Transjordan 1921 to 1946 CE
• People's Democratic Republic of Yemen 1967 to 1990 CE
• British Mandate of Mesopotamia 1920 to 1932 CE
• Kingdom of Hejaz 1916 to 1925 CE
• Democratic Republic of Georgia 1918 to 1921 CE
• United Arab Republic 1958 to 1961 CE
• First Republic of Armenia 1918 to 1920 CE
• Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1918 to 1920 CE
• Arab Kingdom of Syria 1918 to 1920 CE

South Asia

• British Raj 1858 to 1947 CE
• Republic of India 1947 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Mysore c. 1399 to 1950 CE
• Kingdom of Nepal 1768 to 2008 CE
• Hyderabad State 1724 to 1948 CE
• Pakistan 1947 CE to the present
• Sri Lanka 1948 CE to the present
• Bangladesh 1971 CE to the present
• Munda-speaking peoples c. 1500 BCE to the present
• Tibeto-Burman hill peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Vedda people c. 900 BCE to the present
• Kingdom of Mewar c. 728 to 1949 CE
• Pashtun tribes c. 1000 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Manipur c. 1110 to 1949 CE
• Kingdom of Marwar c. 1226 to 1949 CE
• Twipra Kingdom c. 1400 to 1949 CE
• Portuguese Goa 1510 to 1961 CE
• Kingdom of Sikkim 1642 to 1975 CE
• Bhutan under the Zhabdrung 1616 to 1907 CE
• French India 1674 to 1954 CE
• Baroda State 1721 to 1949 CE
• Jaipur State 1727 to 1949 CE
• Travancore 1729 to 1949 CE
• Gwalior State 1731 to 1948 CE
• British Ceylon 1796 to 1948 CE
• British Assam 1826 to 1947 CE
• Kingdom of Bhutan 1907 CE to the present
• Rana regime 1846 to 1951 CE
• Emirate of Afghanistan 1823 to 1926 CE
• Jammu and Kashmir princely state 1846 to 1947 CE
• Rajasthan 1949 CE to the present
• Tamil Nadu 1950 CE to the present
• Andhra Pradesh 1953 CE to the present
• Karnataka 1956 CE to the present
• Gujarat 1960 CE to the present
• Maharashtra 1960 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Afghanistan 1926 to 1973 CE
• East Pakistan 1947 to 1971 CE
• Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 1978 to 1992 CE
• Islamic State of Afghanistan 1992 to 2001 CE
• Republic of Afghanistan 1973 to 1978 CE
• Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (first) 1996 to 2001 CE

Central and North Asia

• Soviet Union 1922 to 1991 CE
• Russian Siberia 1582 to 1917 CE
• Qing rule in Mongolia 1691 to 1911 CE
• Qing Xinjiang 1759 to 1912 CE
• Mongolian People's Republic 1924 to 1992 CE
• Russian Turkestan 1867 to 1917 CE
• Russian Federation 1991 CE to the present
• Kazakhstan 1991 CE to the present
• Uzbekistan 1991 CE to the present
• Mongolia 1992 CE to the present
• Yukaghir peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Chukchi, Koryak and Itelmen peoples c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Evenki and Even reindeer herders c. 500 CE to the present
• Khanty, Mansi and Samoyedic peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
• Buryats c. 1200 CE to the present
• Sakha (Yakuts) c. 1250 CE to the present
• Khanate of Khiva 1511 to 1920 CE
• Russian Far East and Yakutia 1632 to 1917 CE
• Emirate of Bukhara 1785 to 1920 CE
• Yakut ASSR and Sakha Republic 1922 CE to the present
• Russian Kazakh Steppe 1822 to 1917 CE
• Xinjiang under the People's Republic 1949 CE to the present
• Kazakh SSR 1920 to 1991 CE
• Kirghiz SSR 1924 to 1991 CE
• Uzbek SSR 1924 to 1991 CE
• Turkmen SSR 1924 to 1991 CE
• Tajik SSR 1929 to 1991 CE
• Xinjiang under the Republic of China 1912 to 1949 CE
• Kyrgyzstan 1991 CE to the present
• Turkmenistan 1991 CE to the present
• Tajikistan 1991 CE to the present
• Bogd Khanate of Mongolia 1911 to 1924 CE
• Turkestan ASSR 1918 to 1924 CE
• Second East Turkestan Republic 1944 to 1949 CE
• Bukharan People's Soviet Republic 1920 to 1924 CE
• Khorezm People's Soviet Republic 1920 to 1924 CE
• Alash Autonomy 1917 to 1920 CE
• Russian State (Kolchak) 1918 to 1920 CE
• Far Eastern Republic 1920 to 1922 CE
• First East Turkestan Republic 1933 to 1934 CE

East Asia

• Qing dynasty 1636 to 1912 CE
• Empire of Japan 1868 to 1947 CE
• People's Republic of China 1949 CE to the present
• Ganden Phodrang (Dalai Lama government) 1642 to 1951 CE
• Japan (postwar) 1947 CE to the present
• North Korea 1948 CE to the present
• South Korea 1948 CE to the present
• Republic of China on Taiwan 1949 CE to the present
• Republic of China (mainland) 1912 to 1949 CE
• Formosan Austronesian peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Qiang peoples c. 1300 BCE to the present
• Ainu c. 1200 CE to the present
• Portuguese Macau 1557 to 1999 CE
• Manchuria under the Qing 1644 to 1907 CE
• Han settlers of the Northeast c. 1860 CE to the present
• British Hong Kong 1841 to 1997 CE
• Tibet under the People's Republic 1951 CE to the present
• Japanese Taiwan 1895 to 1945 CE
• Kwantung Leased Territory 1905 to 1945 CE
• Japanese Korea 1910 to 1945 CE
• Beiyang government 1912 to 1928 CE
• Fengtian clique 1916 to 1931 CE
• Manchukuo 1932 to 1945 CE
• Korean Empire 1897 to 1910 CE
• Russian Kwantung and the Chinese Eastern Railway 1898 to 1905 CE
• Allied occupation of Japan 1945 to 1952 CE

Southeast Asia

• Dutch East Indies 1800 to 1949 CE
• Indonesia 1945 CE to the present
• Sultanate of Sulu c. 1405 to 1915 CE
• Aceh Sultanate 1496 to 1903 CE
• Rattanakosin Kingdom (Siam) 1782 to 1932 CE
• Nguyen dynasty 1802 to 1945 CE
• British Burma 1826 to 1948 CE
• Thailand 1932 CE to the present
• Philippines 1946 CE to the present
• Myanmar (Burma) 1948 CE to the present
• British Malaya 1874 to 1948 CE
• French Indochina 1887 to 1954 CE
• Malaysia 1963 CE to the present
• Singapore 1965 CE to the present
• Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1976 CE to the present
• American Philippines 1898 to 1946 CE
• Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1945 to 1976 CE
• Republic of Vietnam 1955 to 1975 CE
• Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge) 1975 to 1979 CE
• Philippine Negrito foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Orang Asli (Semang and Senoi) c. 2000 BCE to the present
• Dayak peoples of Borneo c. 1000 BCE to the present
• Shan States c. 1250 to 1959 CE
• Balinese kingdoms 1343 to 1908 CE
• Ternate and Tidore sultanates c. 1450 to 1914 CE
• Pattani Sultanate c. 1457 to 1902 CE
• Sultanate of Maguindanao c. 1520 to 1905 CE
• Portuguese Timor 1702 to 1975 CE
• Surakarta and Yogyakarta 1755 to 1950 CE
• Kingdom of Champasak 1713 to 1904 CE
• Straits Settlements 1826 to 1946 CE
• Raj of Sarawak 1841 to 1946 CE
• French Cambodia 1863 to 1953 CE
• British North Borneo 1882 to 1963 CE
• French Laos 1893 to 1953 CE
• Lao People's Democratic Republic 1975 CE to the present
• Brunei 1984 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Cambodia 1993 CE to the present
• Indonesian occupation of East Timor 1975 to 1999 CE
• Kingdom of Laos 1953 to 1975 CE
• Kingdom of Cambodia (Sihanouk era) 1953 to 1970 CE
• Federation of Malaya 1948 to 1963 CE
• People's Republic of Kampuchea 1979 to 1993 CE
• State of Vietnam 1949 to 1955 CE
• Khmer Republic 1970 to 1975 CE
• Japanese occupation of Indochina 1940 to 1945 CE
• Japanese-occupied Burma 1942 to 1945 CE
• Japanese occupation of Malaya 1942 to 1945 CE
• Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies 1942 to 1945 CE
• Japanese occupation of the Philippines 1942 to 1945 CE
• First Philippine Republic 1899 to 1901 CE

North America

• United States 1776 CE to the present
• Pacific Northwest peoples c. 500 CE to the present
• Pueblo peoples (Hopi, Zuni, Rio Grande) c. 1300 CE to the present
• Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee) c. 1450 CE to the present
• Navajo (Diné) c. 1500 CE to the present
• Inuit peoples c. 1600 CE to the present
• Lakota (Teton Sioux) c. 1700 CE to the present
• Dominion of Canada 1867 to 1982 CE
• Canada 1982 CE to the present
• Unangan (Aleut) peoples c. 2500 BCE to the present
• Dene (Northern Athabaskan) peoples c. 500 BCE to the present
• Chumash c. 500 CE to the present
• California peoples (Ohlone, Miwok, Pomo, Tongva) c. 500 CE to the present
• Cree peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
• Numic peoples (Shoshone, Paiute, Ute) c. 1000 CE to the present
• Apache peoples c. 1400 CE to the present
• Wichita peoples (Quivira) c. 1450 CE to the present
• O'odham peoples c. 1450 CE to the present
• Blackfoot Confederacy c. 1600 CE to the present
• Danish Greenland 1721 to 1979 CE
• Cherokee Nation 1794 to 1907 CE
• Greenland 1979 CE to the present
• Dominion of Newfoundland 1907 to 1949 CE

Mesoamerica and Caribbean

• Haiti 1804 CE to the present
• British West Indies 1624 to 1983 CE
• Colony of Jamaica 1655 to 1962 CE
• Mexico 1823 CE to the present
• Cuba 1959 CE to the present
• Yaqui, Mayo and Raramuri peoples c. 1000 CE to the present
• Island Caribs (Kalinago) c. 1200 CE to the present
• Zapotec, Mixtec and Mixe peoples c. 1521 CE to the present
• Maya peoples (colonial and modern) c. 1524 CE to the present
• Dutch Caribbean 1634 CE to the present
• French Antilles 1635 to 1946 CE
• Danish West Indies 1672 to 1917 CE
• Honduras 1838 CE to the present
• Nicaragua 1838 CE to the present
• Costa Rica 1838 CE to the present
• Guatemala 1839 CE to the present
• El Salvador 1841 CE to the present
• Dominican Republic 1844 CE to the present
• Puerto Rico (US territory) 1898 CE to the present
• Panama 1903 CE to the present
• British Honduras 1862 to 1981 CE
• Guadeloupe and Martinique (French departments) 1946 CE to the present
• Panama Canal Zone 1903 to 1979 CE
• Jamaica 1962 CE to the present
• Trinidad and Tobago 1962 CE to the present
• Barbados 1966 CE to the present
• Republic of Cuba 1902 to 1959 CE
• Bahamas 1973 CE to the present
• Chan Santa Cruz 1850 to 1901 CE
• Grenada 1974 CE to the present
• Dominica 1978 CE to the present
• Saint Lucia 1979 CE to the present
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1979 CE to the present
• Belize 1981 CE to the present
• Antigua and Barbuda 1981 CE to the present
• Saint Kitts and Nevis 1983 CE to the present
• West Indies Federation 1958 to 1962 CE

South America

• Tupi-Guarani peoples c. 500 CE to the present
• Mapuche c. 1000 CE to the present
• Peru 1821 CE to the present
• Colombia 1831 CE to the present
• Argentina 1861 CE to the present
• Brazil 1889 CE to the present
• Fuegian canoe peoples (Yaghan, Kawésqar) c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Jê peoples c. 1 CE to the present
• Patagonian peoples (Tehuelche, Selk'nam) c. 1 CE to the present
• Arawakan peoples of the Amazon c. 1000 CE to the present
• Carib peoples of the Guianas c. 1000 CE to the present
• Guaraní c. 1000 CE to the present
• Quechua and Aymara peoples c. 1533 CE to the present
• French Guiana 1664 CE to the present
• Dutch Suriname 1667 to 1975 CE
• Paraguay 1811 CE to the present
• Chile 1818 CE to the present
• Bolivia 1825 CE to the present
• Uruguay 1828 CE to the present
• Venezuela 1830 CE to the present
• Ecuador 1830 CE to the present
• Falkland Islands 1833 CE to the present
• British Guiana 1814 to 1966 CE
• Guyana 1966 CE to the present
• Suriname 1975 CE to the present

Oceania

• Aboriginal Australian peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Māori iwi c. 1500 CE to the present
• Commonwealth of Australia 1901 CE to the present
• Papuan farmers and foragers c. 3200 BCE to the present
• New Zealand 1907 CE to the present
• Colony of New South Wales 1788 to 1901 CE
• Colony of New Zealand 1841 to 1907 CE
• Papua New Guinea 1975 CE to the present
• German New Guinea 1884 to 1914 CE
• Tasmanian Aboriginal peoples c. 3200 BCE to the present
• Torres Strait Islanders c. 500 BCE to the present
• Island Melanesian societies c. 500 BCE to the present
• Eastern Micronesian islanders c. 100 BCE to the present
• Macassan trepangers c. 1720 to 1907 CE
• French Polynesia 1842 CE to the present
• Kingdom of Tonga 1845 CE to the present
• French New Caledonia 1853 CE to the present
• Kīngitanga (Māori King Movement) 1858 CE to the present
• Chilean Rapa Nui 1888 CE to the present
• Dutch New Guinea 1828 to 1962 CE
• Guam (US territory) 1898 CE to the present
• American Samoa 1900 CE to the present
• Colony of Fiji 1874 to 1970 CE
• Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1892 to 1979 CE
• British Solomon Islands Protectorate 1893 to 1978 CE
• Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) 1825 to 1901 CE
• New Hebrides Condominium 1906 to 1980 CE
• Western Australia (Swan River Colony) 1829 to 1901 CE
• Colony of South Australia 1836 to 1901 CE
• British New Guinea and Territory of Papua 1884 to 1949 CE
• Samoa 1962 CE to the present
• Western New Guinea (Indonesia) 1963 CE to the present
• Territory of Hawaii 1898 to 1959 CE
• Nauru 1968 CE to the present
• Fiji 1970 CE to the present
• Colony of Victoria 1851 to 1901 CE
• Western Samoa (New Zealand) 1914 to 1962 CE
• Solomon Islands 1978 CE to the present
• Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 1947 to 1994 CE
• Tuvalu 1978 CE to the present
• Kiribati 1979 CE to the present
• Vanuatu 1980 CE to the present
• Colony of Queensland 1859 to 1901 CE
• Federated States of Micronesia 1986 CE to the present
• Marshall Islands 1986 CE to the present
• Territory of New Guinea 1914 to 1949 CE
• South Seas Mandate 1914 to 1945 CE
• Palau 1994 CE to the present
• Territory of Papua and New Guinea 1949 to 1975 CE
• German Samoa 1900 to 1914 CE